Guidelines

Urological Trauma

5. REFERENCES

1.Radmayr, C., et al. EAU Guidelines on Paediatric Urology. In: EAU Guidelines published at the 38th EAU Annual Congress, Milan 2023. Arnhem, The Netherlands.

https://uroweb.org/guidelines/paediatric-urology

2.Martinez-Pineiro, L., et al. EAU Guidelines on Urethral Trauma. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 791.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20122789/

3.Summerton, D.J., et al. EAU guidelines on iatrogenic trauma. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 628.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22717550/

4.Lumen, N., et al. Review of the current management of lower urinary tract injuries by the EAU Trauma Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 925.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25576009/

5.Serafetinides, E., et al. Review of the current management of upper urinary tract injuries by the EAU Trauma Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 930.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25578621/

6.Guyatt, G.H., et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436948/

7.Guyatt, G.H., et al. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ, 2008. 336: 995.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18456631/

8.Phillips B, et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009. 1998.

https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/

9.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467413/

10.WHO. Injuries and violence. 2021. 2022.

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence

11.Middleton, P., The trauma epidemic, In: Major Trauma, G.I. Smith J, Porter K., Editor. 2010, Oxford University Press.: Oxford.

12.Kozar, R.A., et al. Organ injury scaling 2018 update: Spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2018. 85: 1119.

https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/injury-scoring-scale#kidney

13.Monstrey, S.J., et al. Urological trauma and severe associated injuries. Br J Urol, 1987. 60: 393.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3427315/

14.MacKenzie, E.J., et al. A national evaluation of the effect of trauma-center care on mortality. N Engl J Med, 2006. 354: 366.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16436768/

15.Caterson, E.J., et al. Boston bombings: a surgical view of lessons learned from combat casualty care and the applicability to Boston’s terrorist attack. J Craniofac Surg, 2013. 24: 1061.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23851738/

16.Baloche, P., et al. Impact of Hospital Volume on the Outcomes of Renal Trauma Management. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2022. 37: 99.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35243394/

17.Feliciano D.V., et al., Trauma damage control, In: Trauma, F.D. Mattox KL, Moore EE, Editor. 2000, McGraw-Hill: New York.

18.Hirshberg, A., et al. ‘Damage control’ in trauma surgery. Br J Surg, 1993. 80: 1501.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8298911/

19.Rignault, D.P. Recent progress in surgery for the victims of disaster, terrorism, and war--Introduction. World J Surg, 1992. 16: 885.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1462624/

20.Rotondo, M.F., et al. ‘Damage control’: an approach for improved survival in exsanguinating penetrating abdominal injury. J Trauma, 1993. 35: 375.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8371295/

21.Slater, M.S., et al. Terrorism in America. An evolving threat. Arch Surg, 1997. 132: 1059.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9336502/

22.Frykberg, E.R. Medical management of disasters and mass casualties from terrorist bombings: how can we cope? J Trauma, 2002. 53: 201.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12169923/

23.Jacobs, L.M., Jr., et al. An emergency medical system approach to disaster planning. J Trauma, 1979. 19: 157.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/458880/

24.Eberle, B.M., et al. Thromboembolic prophylaxis with low-molecular-weight heparin in patients with blunt solid abdominal organ injuries undergoing nonoperative management: current practice and outcomes. J Trauma, 2011. 70: 141.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21217492/

25.Barrera, L.M., et al. Thromboprophylaxis for trauma patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2013: CD008303.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23543562/

26.Werner, Z., et al. Implementation of a Standardized Renal Trauma Protocol at a Level 1 Trauma Center: 7-Year Protocol and 10-Year Institutional Review. Res Rep Urol, 2022. 14: 79.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35321535/

27.Meng, M.V., et al. Renal trauma: indications and techniques for surgical exploration. World J Urol, 1999. 17: 71.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10367364/

28.Wessells, H., et al. Renal injury and operative management in the United States: results of a population-based study. J Trauma, 2003. 54: 423.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12634519/

29.Sujenthiran, A., et al. Is Nonoperative Management the Best First-line Option for High-grade Renal trauma? A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2017.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753890/

30.Mingoli, A., et al. Operative and nonoperative management for renal trauma: comparison of outcomes. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 2017. 13: 1127.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28894376/

31.Santucci, R.A., et al. Evaluation and management of renal injuries: consensus statement of the renal trauma subcommittee. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 937.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142141/

32.Kansas, B.T., et al. Incidence and management of penetrating renal trauma in patients with multiorgan injury: extended experience at an inner city trauma center. J Urol, 2004. 172: 1355.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15371841/

33.Najibi, S., et al. Civilian gunshot wounds to the genitourinary tract: incidence, anatomic distribution, associated injuries, and outcomes. Urology, 2010. 76: 977.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20605196/

34.Shariat, S.F., et al. Evidence-based validation of the predictive value of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma kidney injury scale. J Trauma, 2007. 62: 933.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17426551/

35.Santucci, R.A., et al. Validation of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma organ injury severity scale for the kidney. J Trauma, 2001. 50: 195.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11242281/

36.Malaeb, B., et al. Should blunt segmental vascular renal injuries be considered an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Grade 4 renal injury? J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014. 76: 484.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24458054/

37.Moore, E.E., et al. AAST Scaling system for organ specific injuries. 2018.

https://www.aast.org/resources-detail/injury-scoring-scale

38.Keihani, S., et al. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma renal injury grading scale: Implications of the 2018 revisions for injury reclassification and predicting bleeding interventions.
J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2020. 88: 357.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31876692/

39.Sierink, J.C., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of immediate total-body computed tomography compared with selective radiological imaging of injured patients. Br J Surg, 2012.
99 Suppl 1: 52.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22441856/

40.Huber-Wagner, S., et al. Effect of whole-body CT during trauma resuscitation on survival: a retrospective, multicentre study. Lancet, 2009. 373: 1455.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19321199/

41.Cachecho, R., et al. Management of the trauma patient with pre-existing renal disease. Crit Care Clin, 1994. 10: 523.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7922736/

42.Cozar, J.M., et al. [Management of injury of the solitary kidney]. Arch Esp Urol, 1990. 43: 15.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2331159/

43.Sebastia, M.C., et al. Renal trauma in occult ureteropelvic junction obstruction: CT findings. Eur Radiol, 1999. 9: 611.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10354870/

44.Buchberger, W., et al. [Diagnosis and staging of blunt kidney trauma. A comparison of urinalysis, i.v. urography, sonography and computed tomography]. Rofo, 1993. 158: 507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8507839/

45.Carroll, P.R., et al. Renovascular trauma: risk assessment, surgical management, and outcome.
J Trauma, 1990. 30: 547.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2342137/

46.Schmidlin, F.R., et al. The higher injury risk of abnormal kidneys in blunt renal trauma. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 1998. 32: 388.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9925001/

47.Chandhoke, P.S., et al. Detection and significance of microscopic hematuria in patients with blunt renal trauma. J Urol, 1988. 140: 16.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3379684/

48.Heyns, C.F. Renal trauma: indications for imaging and surgical exploration. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 1165.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15142132/

49.Sheth S, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®; renal trauma. 2012.

http://www.guideline.gov/content.aspx?id=43881

50.Morey, A.F., et al. Urotrauma: AUA guideline. J Urol, 2014. 192: 327.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24857651/

51.McCombie, S.P., et al. The conservative management of renal trauma: a literature review and practical clinical guideline from Australia and New Zealand. BJU Int, 2014. 114 Suppl 1: 13.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25124459/

52.Heller, M.T., et al. MDCT of renal trauma: correlation to AAST organ injury scale. Clin Imaging, 2014. 38: 410.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24667041/

53.Fischer, W., et al. JOURNAL CLUB: Incidence of Urinary Leak and Diagnostic Yield of Excretory Phase CT in the Setting of Renal Trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2015. 204: 1168.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26001225/

54.Colling, K.P., et al. Computed tomography scans with intravenous contrast: low incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy in blunt trauma patients. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2014. 77: 226.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25058246/

55.Valentino, M., et al. Contrast-enhanced US evaluation in patients with blunt abdominal trauma().
J Ultrasound, 2010. 13: 22.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23396012/

56.Mihalik, J.E., et al. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the evaluation of solid abdominal organ injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2012. 73: 1100.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22832765/

57.Cagini, L., et al. Contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in blunt abdominal trauma. Crit Ultrasound J, 2013. 5 Suppl 1: S9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23902930/

58.Ku, J.H., et al. Is there a role for magnetic resonance imaging in renal trauma? Int J Urol, 2001. 8: 261.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11389740/

59.Leppaniemi, A., et al. MRI and CT in blunt renal trauma: an update. Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 1997. 18: 129.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9163832/

60.Bjurlin, M.A., et al. Impact of Trauma Center Designation and Interfacility Transfer on Renal Trauma Outcomes: Evidence for Universal Management. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 1135.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29934273/

61.Schmidlin, F.R., et al. [The conservative treatment of major kidney injuries]. Ann Urol (Paris), 1997. 31: 246.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9480627/

62.Thall, E.H., et al. Conservative management of penetrating and blunt Type III renal injuries. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 512.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8777609/

63.Alsikafi, N.F., et al. Nonoperative management outcomes of isolated urinary extravasation following renal lacerations due to external trauma. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2494.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085140/

64.Buckley, J.C., et al. Selective management of isolated and nonisolated grade IV renal injuries. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2498.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085141/

65.Locke, J.A., et al. Management of high-grade renal traumas with collecting system injuries. Can Urol Assoc J, 2021. 15: E588.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33999807/

66.Moudouni, S.M., et al. Management of major blunt renal lacerations: is a nonoperative approach indicated? Eur Urol, 2001. 40: 409.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11713395/

67.Keihani, S., et al. Contemporary management of high-grade renal trauma: Results from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Genitourinary Trauma study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2018. 84: 418.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29298242/

68.Elliott, S.P., et al. Renal arterial injuries: a single center analysis of management strategies and outcomes. J Urol, 2007. 178: 2451.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17937955/

69.Sartorelli, K.H., et al. Nonoperative management of hepatic, splenic, and renal injuries in adults with multiple injuries. J Trauma, 2000. 49: 56.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10912858/

70.Toutouzas, K.G., et al. Nonoperative management of blunt renal trauma: a prospective study. Am Surg, 2002. 68: 1097.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12516817/

71.Dugi, D.D., 3rd, et al. American Association for the Surgery of Trauma grade 4 renal injury substratification into grades 4a (low risk) and 4b (high risk). J Urol, 2010. 183: 592.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20018329/

72.Hammer, C.C., et al. Effect of an institutional policy of nonoperative treatment of grades I to IV renal injuries. J Urol, 2003. 169: 1751.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12686825/

73.Jawas, A., et al. Management algorithm for complete blunt renal artery occlusion in multiple trauma patients: case series. Int J Surg, 2008. 6: 317.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18590988/

74.Keihani, S., et al. A nomogram predicting the need for bleeding interventions after high-grade renal trauma: Results from the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Multi-institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2019. 86: 774.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30741884/

75.Armenakas, N.A., et al. Indications for nonoperative management of renal stab wounds. J Urol, 1999. 161: 768.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10022681/

76.Jansen, J.O., et al. Selective non-operative management of abdominal gunshot wounds: survey of practise. Injury, 2013. 44: 639.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22341771/

77.El Hechi, M.W., et al. Contemporary management of penetrating renal trauma - A national analysis. Injury, 2020. 51: 32.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31540800/

78.Bernath, A.S., et al. Stab wounds of the kidney: conservative management in flank penetration.
J Urol, 1983. 129: 468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6834529/

79.Wessells, H., et al. Criteria for nonoperative treatment of significant penetrating renal lacerations.
J Urol, 1997. 157: 24.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8976207/

80.du Plessis, W.M., et al. High grade renal trauma: Does the mechanism of penetrating injury influence renal salvage rate? Injury, 2022. 53: 76.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34456038/

81.DuBose, J., et al. Selective non-operative management of solid organ injury following abdominal gunshot wounds. Injury, 2007. 38: 1084.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17544428/

82.Shefler, A., et al. [The role of nonoperative management of penetrating renal trauma]. Harefuah, 2007. 146: 345.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17674549/

83.Hope, W.W., et al. Non-operative management in penetrating abdominal trauma: is it feasible at a Level II trauma center? J Emerg Med, 2012. 43: 190.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22051843/

84.Raza, S.J., et al. Outcomes of renal salvage for penetrating renal trauma: a single institution experience. Can J Urol, 2018. 25: 9323.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29900820/

85.Liguori, G., et al. The role of angioembolization in the management of blunt renal injuries: a systematic review. BMC Urol, 2021. 21: 104.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34362352/

86.Charbit, J., et al. What are the specific computed tomography scan criteria that can predict or exclude the need for renal angioembolization after high-grade renal trauma in a conservative management strategy? J Trauma, 2011. 70: 1219.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21610436/

87.Lin, W.C., et al. Computed tomographic imaging in determining the need of embolization for high-grade blunt renal injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 74: 230.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23271099/

88.Lanchon, C., et al. High Grade Blunt Renal Trauma: Predictors of Surgery and Long-Term Outcomes of Conservative Management. A Prospective Single Center Study. J Urol, 2016. 195: 106.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26254724/

89.Shoobridge, J.J., et al. A 9-year experience of renal injury at an Australian level 1 trauma centre. BJU Int, 2013. 112 Suppl 2: 53.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23418742/

90.van der Wilden, G.M., et al. Successful nonoperative management of the most severe blunt renal injuries: a multicenter study of the research consortium of New England Centers for Trauma. JAMA Surg, 2013. 148: 924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23945834/

91.Baboudjian, M., et al. Factors Predictive of Selective Angioembolization Failure for Moderate- to High-grade Renal Trauma: A French Multi-institutional Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 253.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33509672/

92.Kwon, H., et al. Volume preservation of a shattered kidney after blunt trauma by superselective renal artery embolization. Diagn Interv Radiol, 2022. 28: 72.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35142614/

93.Salvatori, F., et al. Endovascular management of vascular renal injuries: outcomes and comparison between traumatic and iatrogenic settings. Urologia, 2022. 89: 167.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34011230/

94.Huber, J., et al. Selective transarterial embolization for posttraumatic renal hemorrhage: a second try is worthwhile. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1751.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21420122/

95.Baboudjian, M., et al. Factors Predictive of Selective Angioembolization Failure for Moderate- to High-grade Renal Trauma: A French Multi-institutional Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2021.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33509672/

96.Hotaling, J.M., et al. Analysis of diagnostic angiography and angioembolization in the acute management of renal trauma using a national data set. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1316.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21334643/

97.Saour, M., et al. Effect of renal angioembolization on post-traumatic acute kidney injury after high-grade renal trauma: a comparative study of 52 consecutive cases. Injury, 2014. 45: 894.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24456608/

98.Xu, H., et al. A Comparative Study of Conservation, Endovascular Embolization Therapy, and Surgery for Blunt Renal Trauma. Med Sci Monit, 2020. 26: e922802.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32372763/

99.Moolman, C., et al. Nonoperative management of penetrating kidney injuries: a prospective audit.
J Urol, 2012. 188: 169.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22591960/

100.Koch, G.E., et al. The Impact of Delayed-Phase Imaging at Admission on the Management of Urinary Extravasation in High-Grade Renal Trauma. J Urol, 2021. 206: 1373.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34288717/

101.Davis, P., et al. Assessing the usefulness of delayed imaging in routine followup for renal trauma.
J Urol, 2010. 184: 973.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20643462/

102.Deininger, C., et al. On the black slope: analysis of the course of a blunt renal trauma collective in a winter sports region. Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg, 2022. 48: 2125.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34914004/

103.Hadjipavlou, M., et al. Managing penetrating renal trauma: experience from two major trauma centres in the UK. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 928.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29438587/

104.Husmann, D.A., et al. Major renal lacerations with a devitalized fragment following blunt abdominal trauma: a comparison between nonoperative (expectant) versus surgical management. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1774.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8230501/

105.Glykas, I., et al. Conservative management of grade 4 and 5 renal injuries: A high-volume trauma center experience. Urologia, 2021. 88: 287.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34075839/

106.McAninch, J.W., et al. Renal reconstruction after injury. J Urol, 1991. 145: 932.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2016804/

107.Robert, M., et al. Management of major blunt renal lacerations: surgical or nonoperative approach? Eur Urol, 1996. 30: 335.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8931966/

108.Nash, P.A., et al. Nephrectomy for traumatic renal injuries. J Urol, 1995. 153: 609.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7861494/

109.Gonzalez, R.P., et al. Surgical management of renal trauma: is vascular control necessary?
J Trauma, 1999. 47: 1039.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10608530/

110.Rostas, J., et al. Intraoperative management of renal gunshot injuries: is mandatory exploration of Gerota’s fascia necessary? Am J Surg, 2016. 211: 783.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26867480/

111.Davis, K.A., et al. Predictors of the need for nephrectomy after renal trauma. J Trauma, 2006. 60: 164.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16456451/

112.Wright, J.L., et al. Renal and extrarenal predictors of nephrectomy from the national trauma data bank. J Urol, 2006. 175: 970.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16469594/

113.DiGiacomo, J.C., et al. The role of nephrectomy in the acutely injured. Arch Surg, 2001. 136: 1045.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11529828/

114.Brandes, S.B., et al. Reconstructive surgery for trauma of the upper urinary tract. Urol Clin North Am, 1999. 26: 183.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10086060/

115.Shekarriz, B., et al. The use of fibrin sealant in urology. J Urol, 2002. 167: 1218.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11832701/

116.Knudson, M.M., et al. Outcome after major renovascular injuries: a Western trauma association multicenter report. J Trauma, 2000. 49: 1116.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11130498/

117.Tillou, A., et al. Renal vascular injuries. Surg Clin North Am, 2001. 81: 1417.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11766183/

118.Tasian, G.E., et al. Evaluation of renal function after major renal injury: correlation with the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Injury Scale. J Urol, 2010. 183: 196.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19913819/

119.Fiard, G., et al. Long-term renal function assessment with dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy after conservative treatment of major renal trauma. J Urol, 2012. 187: 1306.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22341289/

120.Wessells, H., et al. Preservation of renal function after reconstruction for trauma: quantitative assessment with radionuclide scintigraphy. J Urol, 1997. 157: 1583.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9112481/

121.Montgomery, R.C., et al. Posttraumatic renovascular hypertension after occult renal injury. J Trauma, 1998. 45: 106.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9680021/

122.Heyns, C.F., et al. Increasing role of angiography and segmental artery embolization in the management of renal stab wounds. J Urol, 1992. 147: 1231.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1569655/

123.Monstrey, S.J., et al. Renal trauma and hypertension. J Trauma, 1989. 29: 65.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2911106/

124.Lebech, A., et al. [Hypertension following blunt kidney injury]. Ugeskr Laeger, 1990. 152: 994.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2183457/

125.Wang, K.T., et al. Late development of renal arteriovenous fistula following gunshot trauma--a case report. Angiology, 1998. 49: 415.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9591535/

126.Elliott, S.P., et al. Ureteral injuries: external and iatrogenic. Urol Clin North Am, 2006. 33: 55.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16488280/

127.Blackwell, R.H., et al. Complications of Recognized and Unrecognized Iatrogenic Ureteral Injury at Time of Hysterectomy: A Population Based Analysis. J Urol, 2018. 199: 1540.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29408429/

128.Pereira, B.M., et al. A review of ureteral injuries after external trauma. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 2010. 18: 6.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20128905/

129.McGeady, J.B., et al. Current epidemiology of genitourinary trauma. Urol Clin North Am, 2013.
40: 323.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905930/

130.Siram, S.M., et al. Ureteral trauma: patterns and mechanisms of injury of an uncommon condition. Am J Surg, 2010. 199: 566.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20359576/

131.Brandes, S., et al. Diagnosis and management of ureteric injury: an evidence-based analysis. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 277.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15291852/

132.Johnson, D.B., et al. Complications of ureteroscopy. Urol Clin North Am, 2004. 31: 157.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15040412/

133.Chou, M.T., et al. Prophylactic ureteral catheterization in gynecologic surgery: a 12-year randomized trial in a community hospital. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct, 2009. 20: 689.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19165412/

134.Delacroix, S.E., Jr., et al. Urinary tract injures: recognition and management. Clin Colon Rectal Surg, 2010. 23: 104.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21629628/

135.Visco, A.G., et al. Cost-effectiveness of universal cystoscopy to identify ureteral injury at hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol, 2001. 97: 685.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11339916/

136.Halabi, W.J., et al. Ureteral injuries in colorectal surgery: an analysis of trends, outcomes, and risk factors over a 10-year period in the United States. Dis Colon Rectum, 2014. 57: 179.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24401879/

137.Ding, G., et al. Etiology and Ureteral Reconstruction Strategy for Iatrogenic Ureteral Injuries: A Retrospective Single-Center Experience. Urol Int, 2021. 105: 470.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33744882/

138.Mayo, J.S., et al. Ureteral injuries in colorectal surgery and the impact of laparoscopic and robotic-assisted approaches. Surg Endosc, 2021. 35: 2805.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32591939/

139.Petersen, S.S., et al. Rate of Urologic Injury with Robotic Hysterectomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2018. 25: 867.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29337210/

140.Benson, C.R., et al. Bladder and ureteral injuries during benign hysterectomy: an observational cohort analysis in New York State. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 2049.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30406476/

141.Chang, E.J., et al. Vesicoureteral Injury during Benign Hysterectomy: Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Surgery versus Laparotomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2020. 27: 1354.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31743796/

142.Loftus, C.J., et al. Ureteral Wall Injury with Ureteral Access Sheaths: A Randomized Prospective Trial. J Endourol, 2020. 34: 932.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30526031/

143.Schoenthaler, M., et al. Postureteroscopic lesion scale: a new management modified organ injury scale--evaluation in 435 ureteroscopic patients. J Endourol, 2012. 26: 1425.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22698147/

144.Fulla, J., et al. Ureteral Diameter as Predictor of Ureteral Injury during Ureteral Access Sheath Placement. J Urol, 2021. 205: 159.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32717166/

145.Kim, J.K., et al. Silodosin for Prevention of Ureteral Injuries Resulting from Insertion of a Ureteral Access Sheath: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Focus, 2021.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33741297/

146.Schimpf, M.O., et al. Universal ureteral stent placement at hysterectomy to identify ureteral injury: a decision analysis. BJOG, 2008. 115: 1151.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18518875/

147.Hesselman, S., et al. Effect of remote cesarean delivery on complications during hysterectomy: a cohort study. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2017. 217: 564 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28735704/

148.Gilmour, D.T., et al. Rates of urinary tract injury from gynecologic surgery and the role of intraoperative cystoscopy. Obstet Gynecol, 2006. 107: 1366.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16738165/

149.Wu, H.H., et al. The detection of ureteral injuries after hysterectomy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol, 2006. 13: 403.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16962522/

150.Safrai, M., et al. Urinary tract injuries during cesarean delivery: long-term outcome and management. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med, 2020: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33016166/

151.Pokala, N., et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing simultaneous intra-operative vs sequential prophylactic ureteric catheter insertion in re-operative and complicated colorectal surgery. Int
J Colorectal Dis, 2007. 22: 683.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17031654/

152.Hird, A.E., et al. Does prophylactic ureteric stenting at the time of colorectal surgery reduce the risk of ureteric injury? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis, 2021. 23: 1060.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33340227/

153.Williams, A.C., et al. Ureteric complications and left retroperitoneal abdominal aortic surgery. ANZ
J Surg, 2020. 90: 2502.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32902084/

154.Jhaveri, J.K., et al. Ureteral injuries sustained during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.
J Endourol, 2014. 28: 318.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24147874/

155.Kunkle, D.A., et al. Delayed diagnosis of traumatic ureteral injuries. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2503.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17085143/

156.Parpala-Sparman, T., et al. Increasing numbers of ureteric injuries after the introduction of laparoscopic surgery. Scand J Urol Nephrol, 2008. 42: 422.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18609278/

157.Medina, D., et al. Ureteral trauma: preoperative studies neither predict injury nor prevent missed injuries. J Am Coll Surg, 1998. 186: 641.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9632150/

158.Serkin, F.B., et al. Combat urologic trauma in US military overseas contingency operations.
J Trauma, 2010. 69 Suppl 1: S175.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20622614/

159.Alabousi, A., et al. Multi-modality imaging of the leaking ureter: why does detection of traumatic and iatrogenic ureteral injuries remain a challenge? Emerg Radiol, 2017. 24: 417.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28451770/

160.Orcutt, D., et al. Ureteral Injuries Secondary to Blunt Abdominal Trauma: A 15-Year Review of Presentation, Management, and Outcomes at a Level 1 Trauma Center. Urology, 2022. 164: 248.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35278492/

161.Coakley, K.M., et al. Prophylactic Ureteral Catheters for Colectomy: A National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Based Analysis. Dis Colon Rectum, 2018. 61: 84.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29215477/

162.White, L.A., et al. Intraureteral indocyanine green augments ureteral identification and avoidance during complex robotic-assisted colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis, 2021. 23: 718.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33064915/

163.Kanabur, P., et al. Use of Indocyanine Green for Intraoperative Ureteral Identification in Nonurologic Surgery. JAMA Surg, 2020. 155: 520.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32186665/

164.Kominsky, H.D., et al. Does Timing of Diagnosis and Management of Iatrogenic Ureter Injuries Affect Outcomes? Experience From a Tertiary Center. Urology, 2021. 149: 240.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33309708/

165.Fontana, F., et al. Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Management of Ureteral Iatrogenic Leakage after Gynecologic Surgery. Diagnostics (Basel), 2021. 11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33922190/

166.Kim, T.N., et al. Three different laparoscopic techniques for the management of iatrogenic ureteral injury: A multi-institutional study with medium-term outcomes. Asian J Surg, 2021. 44: 964.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33608203/

167.Smith, T.G., 3rd, et al. Damage control maneuvers for urologic trauma. Urol Clin North Am, 2013.
40: 343.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23905932/

168.Mendonca, S.J., et al. Real-World Practice Patterns Favor Minimally Invasive Methods over Ureteral Reconstruction in the Initial Treatment of Severe Blunt Ureteral Trauma: A National Trauma Data Bank Analysis. J Urol, 2021. 205: 470.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32897815/

169.Koukouras, D., et al. Percutaneous minimally invasive management of iatrogenic ureteral injuries.
J Endourol, 2010. 24: 1921.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20964484/

170.El Abd, A.S., et al. Immediate and late management of iatrogenic ureteric injuries: 28 years of experience. Arab J Urol, 2015. 13: 250.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26609443/

171.Png, J.C., et al. Principles of ureteric reconstruction. Curr Opin Urol, 2000. 10: 207.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10858898/

172.Tracey, A.T., et al. Robotic-assisted laparoscopic repair of ureteral injury: an evidence-based review of techniques and outcomes. Minerva Urol Nefrol, 2018. 70: 231.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29595044/

173.Khan, F., et al. Management of ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults. Nat Rev Urol, 2014.
11: 629.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25287785/

174.Burks, F.N., et al. Management of iatrogenic ureteral injury. Ther Adv Urol, 2014. 6: 115.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24883109/

175.Wenske, S., et al. Outcomes of distal ureteral reconstruction through reimplantation with psoas hitch, Boari flap, or ureteroneocystostomy for benign or malignant ureteral obstruction or injury. Urology, 2013. 82: 231.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23642933/

176.Chung, B.I., et al. The use of bowel for ureteral replacement for complex ureteral reconstruction: long-term results. J Urol, 2006. 175: 179.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406903/

177.Armatys, S.A., et al. Use of ileum as ureteral replacement in urological reconstruction. J Urol, 2009. 181: 177.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19013597/

178.Meng, M.V., et al. Expanded experience with laparoscopic nephrectomy and autotransplantation for severe ureteral injury. J Urol, 2003. 169: 1363.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12629362/

179.Decaestecker, K., et al. Robot-assisted Kidney Autotransplantation: A Minimally Invasive Way to Salvage Kidneys. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 198.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30093358/

180.Zhao, L.C., et al. Robotic Ureteral Reconstruction Using Buccal Mucosa Grafts: A Multi-institutional Experience. Eur Urol, 2017. 73(3):419.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29239749/

181.Elawdy, M.M., et al. Iatrogenic ureteral injuries: a case series analysis with an emphasis on the predictors of late ureteral strictures and unfavorable outcome in different surgical specialties. Int Urogynecol J, 2020. 7(6):1476.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33175225/

182.Ficarra, V., et al. A Contemporary Case Series of Complex Surgical Repair of Surgical/Endoscopic Injuries to the Abdominal Ureter. Eur Urol Focus, 2020.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32814683/

183.Pereira, B.M., et al. Bladder injuries after external trauma: 20 years experience report in a population-based cross-sectional view. World J Urol, 2013. 31: 913.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22544337/

184.Figler, B.D., et al. Multi-disciplinary update on pelvic fracture associated bladder and urethral injuries. Injury, 2012. 43: 1242.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22592152/

185.Wirth, G.J., et al. Advances in the management of blunt traumatic bladder rupture: experience with 36 cases. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 1344.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20438556/

186.Deibert, C.M., et al. The association between operative repair of bladder injury and improved survival: results from the National Trauma Data Bank. J Urol, 2011. 186: 151.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21575961/

187.Matlock, K.A., et al. Blunt traumatic bladder rupture: a 10-year perspective. Am Surg, 2013. 79: 589.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23711268/

188.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Epidemiology of Blunt Lower Urinary Tract Trauma With and Without Pelvic Fracture. Urology, 2017. 102: 234.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28043650/

189.Cho, J., et al. Severe Bleeding in Pelvic Fractures: Considerations in Planning Damage Control. Am Surg, 2018. 84: 267.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29580357/

190.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Evaluating the Role of Operative Repair of Extraperitoneal Bladder Rupture Following Blunt Pelvic Trauma. J Urol, 2016. 195: 661.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/608301987/

191.Urry, R.J., et al. The incidence, spectrum and outcomes of traumatic bladder injuries within the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service. Injury, 2016. 47: 1057.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26854075/

192.Cinman, N.M., et al. Gunshot wounds to the lower urinary tract: a single-institution experience.
J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 74: 725.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23425728/

193.Al-Azzawi, I.S., et al. Lower genitourinary trauma in modern warfare: the experience from civil violence in Iraq. Injury, 2014. 45: 885.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24485550/

194.Williams, M., et al. Management of combat-related urological trauma in the modern era. Nat Rev Urol, 2013. 10: 504.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23877722/

195.Cordon, B.H., et al. Iatrogenic nonendoscopic bladder injuries over 24 years: 127 cases at a single institution. Urology, 2014. 84: 222.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24857278/

196.Ford, A.A., et al. Mid-urethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017. 7: CD006375.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28756647/

197.Golan, S., et al. Transurethral resection of bladder tumour complicated by perforation requiring open surgical repair - clinical characteristics and oncological outcomes. BJU Int, 2011. 107: 1065.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20860654/

198.El Hayek, O.R., et al. Evaluation of the incidence of bladder perforation after transurethral bladder tumor resection in a residency setting. J Endourol, 2009. 23: 1183.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19530900/

199.Sugihara, T., et al. Comparison of perioperative outcomes including severe bladder injury between monopolar and bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a population based comparison.
J Urol, 2014. 192: 1355.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24893311/

200.Venkatramani, V., et al. Monopolar versus bipolar transurethral resection of bladder tumors: a single center, parallel arm, randomized, controlled trial. J Urol, 2014. 191: 1703.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24333244/

201.Collado, A., et al. Early complications of endoscopic treatment for superficial bladder tumors. J Urol, 2000. 164: 1529.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11025697/

202.Shazly, S.A., et al. Robotic radical hysterectomy in early stage cervical cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol, 2015. 138: 457.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26056752/

203.Billfeldt, N.K., et al. A Swedish population-based evaluation of benign hysterectomy, comparing minimally invasive and abdominal surgery. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2018. 222: 113.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29408741/

204.Tarney, C.M. Bladder Injury During Cesarean Delivery. Curr Womens Health Rev, 2013. 9: 70.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24876830/

205.Honore, C., et al. HIPEC for peritoneal carcinomatosis: does an associated urologic procedure increase morbidity? Ann Surg Oncol, 2012. 19: 104.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21638092/

206.Sawkar, H.P., et al. Frequency of lower urinary tract injury after gastrointestinal surgery in the nationwide inpatient sample database. Am Surg, 2014. 80: 1216.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25513920/

207.Kockerling, F., et al. TEP versus TAPP: comparison of the perioperative outcome in 17,587 patients with a primary unilateral inguinal hernia. Surg Endosc, 2015. 29: 3750.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25805239/

208.Balbay, M.D., et al. The actual incidence of bladder perforation following transurethral bladder surgery. J Urol, 2005. 174: 2260.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16280794/

209.Nieder, A.M., et al. Transurethral bladder tumor resection: intraoperative and postoperative complications in a residency setting. J Urol, 2005. 174: 2307.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16280830/

210.Welk, B.K., et al. Are male slings for post-prostatectomy incontinence a valid option? Curr Opin Urol, 2010. 20: 465.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20838219/

211.Novara, G., et al. Updated systematic review and meta-analysis of the comparative data on colposuspensions, pubovaginal slings, and midurethral tapes in the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 218.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20434257/

212.Maher, C., et al. Transvaginal mesh or grafts compared with native tissue repair for vaginal prolapse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2016. 2: Cd012079.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26858090/

213.Maher, C.F., et al. Laparoscopic sacral colpopexy versus total vaginal mesh for vaginal vault prolapse: a randomized trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2011. 204: 360 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21306698/

214.Ogah, J., et al. Minimally invasive synthetic suburethral sling operations for stress urinary incontinence in women: a short version Cochrane review. Neurourol Urodyn, 2011. 30: 284.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21412819/

215.Eidelman, E., et al. Injury severity score associated with concurrent bladder injury in patients with blunt urethral injury. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 983.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30178288/

216.Pereira, B.M., et al. Penetrating bladder trauma: a high risk factor for associated rectal injury. Adv Urol, 2014. 2014: 386280.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24527030/

217.Clarke-Pearson, D.L., et al. Complications of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol, 2013. 121: 654.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23635631/

218.Chill, H.H., et al. Urinary bladder injury during cesarean delivery: risk factors and the role of retrograde bladder filling. Int Urogynecol J, 2021. 32: 1801.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33386865/

219.Manikandan, R., et al. Percutaneous peritoneal drainage for intraperitoneal bladder perforations during transurethral resection of bladder tumors. J Endourol, 2003. 17: 945.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14744369/

220.Patel, B.N., et al. Imaging of iatrogenic complications of the urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Radiol Clin North Am, 2014. 52: 1101.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25173661/

221.Lehnert, B.E., et al. Lower male genitourinary trauma: a pictorial review. Emerg Radiol, 2014. 21: 67.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24052083/

222.Quagliano, P.V., et al. Diagnosis of blunt bladder injury: A prospective comparative study of computed tomography cystography and conventional retrograde cystography. J Trauma, 2006. 61: 410.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16917459/

223.Ramchandani, P., et al. Imaging of genitourinary trauma. AJR Am J Roentgenol, 2009. 192: 1514.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19457813/

224.Alperin, M., et al. Conservative management of postoperatively diagnosed cystotomy. Urology, 2009. 73: 1163 e17.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18514295/

225.Teeluckdharry, B., et al. Urinary Tract Injury at Benign Gynecologic Surgery and the Role of Cystoscopy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol, 2015. 126: 1161.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26551173/

226.Stember, D.S., et al. Outcomes of abdominal wall reservoir placement in inflatable penile prosthesis implantation: a safe and efficacious alternative to the space of Retzius. J Sex Med, 2014. 11: 605.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24286533/

227.Oh, J.S., et al. Effectiveness of the combat pelvic protection system in the prevention of genital and urinary tract injuries: An observational study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2015. 79: S193.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26406430/

228.Pansadoro, A., et al. Conservative treatment of intraperitoneal bladder perforation during transurethral resection of bladder tumor. Urology, 2002. 60: 682.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12385934/

229.Inaba, K., et al. Selective nonoperative management of torso gunshot wounds: when is it safe to discharge? J Trauma, 2010. 68: 1301.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20539173/

230.Anderson, R.E., et al. Current Management of Extraperitoneal Bladder Injuries: Results from the Multi-Institutional Genito-Urinary Trauma Study (MiGUTS). J Urol, 2020. 204: 538.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32259467/

231.Yao, H.H., et al. Lower risk of pelvic metalware infection with operative repair of concurrent bladder rupture. ANZ J Surg, 2018. 88: 560.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29124851/

232.Khabiri, S.S., et al. Extraperitoneal Bladder Injuries Associated With Pelvic Fracture Requiring Internal Fixation: What Is the Evidence? Am Surg, 2021. 87: 1203.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33350852/

233.Culhane, J., et al. Minimally invasive management versus open surgery in the treatment of penetrating bladder injuries: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Urol, 2021. 21: 138.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34583674/

234.Lee, J.S., et al. Urologic complications following obstetric and gynecologic surgery. Korean J Urol, 2012. 53: 795.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23185673/

235.Traxer, O., et al. Technique and complications of transurethral surgery for bladder tumours. BJU Int, 2004. 94: 492.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329099/

236.MacDonald, S., et al. Complications of Transvaginal Mesh for Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary Incontinence: Tips for Prevention, Recognition, and Management. Eur Urol Focus, 2016.
2: 260.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/613218127/

237.Inaba, K., et al. Prospective evaluation of the utility of routine postoperative cystogram after traumatic bladder injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 75: 1019.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24256676/

238.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Clinical Utility of Routine Follow-up Cystography in the Management of Traumatic Bladder Ruptures. Urology, 2018. 113: 230.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29174624/

239.Latini, J.M., et al. SIU/ICUD Consultation On Urethral Strictures: Epidemiology, etiology, anatomy, and nomenclature of urethral stenoses, strictures, and pelvic fracture urethral disruption injuries. Urology, 2014. 83: S1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24210733/

240.Falcone, M., et al. Current Management of Penile Fracture: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review. Sex Med Rev, 2017.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28874325/

241.Barros, R., et al. Primary urethral reconstruction results in penile fracture. Ann R Coll Surg Engl, 2018. 100: 21.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29022780/

242.Bjurlin, M.A., et al. Clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of penetrating external genital injuries. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2013. 74: 839.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23425745/

243.Ratkal, J.M., et al. Electric Wire as Foreign Body in the Bladder and Urethra-a Case Report and Review of Literature. Indian J Surg, 2015. 77: 1323.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27011559/

244.Palminteri, E., et al. Contemporary urethral stricture characteristics in the developed world. Urology, 2013. 81: 191.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23153951/

245.Davis, N.F., et al. Incidence, Cost, Complications and Clinical Outcomes of Iatrogenic Urethral Catheterization Injuries: A Prospective Multi-Institutional Study. J Urol, 2016. 196: 1473.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27317985/

246.Bhatt, N.R., et al. A prospective audit on the effect of training and educational workshops on the incidence of urethral catheterization injuries. Can Urol Assoc J, 2017. 11: E302.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28761592/

247.Kashefi, C., et al. Incidence and prevention of iatrogenic urethral injuries. J Urol, 2008. 179: 2254.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18423712/

248.Price, D., et al. Outcomes of a Nurse-Led Difficult Urinary Catheter Team in an Academic Medical Center. J Nurs Care Qual, 2020. 35: 309.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31972779/

249.Bugeja, S., et al. A new urethral catheterisation device (UCD) to manage difficult urethral catheterisation. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 595.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30251050/

250.Davis, N.F., et al. Clinical Evaluation of a Safety-device to Prevent Urinary Catheter Inflation Related Injuries. Urology, 2018. 115: 179.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29501711/

251.Liao, X., et al. Effects of hydrophilic coated catheters on urethral trauma, microtrauma and adverse events with intermittent catheterization in patients with bladder dysfunction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol, 2022. 54: 1461.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35449382/

252.Sexton, S.J., et al. Survey on the Contemporary Management of Intraoperative Urethral Injuries During Penile Prosthesis Implantation. J Sex Med, 2018. 15: 576.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29523475/

253.Battaloglu, E., et al. Urethral injury in major trauma. Injury, 2019. 50: 1053.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30857738/

254.Barratt, R.C., et al. Pelvic fracture urethral injury in males-mechanisms of injury, management options and outcomes. Transl Androl Urol, 2018. 7: S29.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29644168/

255.Mundy, A.R., et al. Urethral trauma. Part I: introduction, history, anatomy, pathology, assessment and emergency management. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 310.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21771241/

256.Mundy, A.R., et al. Pelvic fracture-related injuries of the bladder neck and prostate: their nature, cause and management. BJU Int, 2010. 105: 1302.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19874306/

257.Mundy, A.R., et al. Urethral trauma. Part II: Types of injury and their management. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 630.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21854524/

258.Blaschko, S.D., et al. The incidence of erectile dysfunction after pelvic fracture urethral injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arab J Urol, 2015. 13: 68.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26019983/

259.Sylla, P., et al. Urethral Injury and Other Urologic Injuries During Transanal Total Mesorectal Excision: An International Collaborative Study. Ann Surg, 2019. 274: e115.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31567502/

260.Patel, D.N., et al. Female urethral injuries associated with pelvic fracture: a systematic review of the literature. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 766.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28805298/

261.Gomes, C.M., et al. Update on complications of synthetic suburethral slings. Int Braz J Urol, 2017. 43: 822.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28266818/

262.Brandes, S. Initial management of anterior and posterior urethral injuries. Urol Clin North Am, 2006. 33: 87.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16488283/

263.Gomez, R.G., et al. SIU/ICUD Consultation on Urethral Strictures: Pelvic fracture urethral injuries. Urology, 2014. 83: S48.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24210734/

264.Black, P.C., et al. Urethral and bladder neck injury associated with pelvic fracture in 25 female patients. J Urol, 2006. 175: 2140.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16697821/

265.Mazaris, E.M., et al. Penile fractures: immediate surgical approach with a midline ventral incision. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 520.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19239439/

266.Kamdar, C., et al. Penile fracture: preoperative evaluation and surgical technique for optimal patient outcome. BJU Int, 2008. 102: 1640.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18710448/

267.Horiguchi, A., et al. Pubourethral Stump Angle Measured on Preoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predicts Urethroplasty Type for Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury Repair. Urology, 2018. 112: 198.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29158171/

268.Barros, R., et al. Urethral injury in penile fracture: a narrative review. Int Braz J Urol, 2020. 46: 152.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31961620/

269.Kunkle, D.A., et al. Evaluation and management of gunshot wounds of the penis: 20-year experience at an urban trauma center. J Trauma, 2008. 64: 1038.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18404072/

270.Zhang, Y., et al. Emergency treatment of male blunt urethral trauma in China: Outcome of different methods in comparison with other countries. Asian J Urol, 2018. 5: 78.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29736369/

271.Peng, X., et al. Straddle injuries to the bulbar urethra: What is the best choice for immediate management? J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2019. 87: 892.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31205218/

272.Scherzer, N.D., et al. Penile Prosthesis Complications: Planning, Prevention, and Decision Making. Sex Med Rev, 2019. 7: 349.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30033128/

273.Elgammal, M.A. Straddle injuries to the bulbar urethra: management and outcome in 53 patients. Int Braz J Urol, 2009. 35: 450.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19719861/

274.Wang, J., et al. Outcomes of early endoscopic realignment for blunt straddle injuries to the bulbar urethra: a single-center retrospective study. BMC Surg, 2022. 22: 33.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35090431/

275.Maheshwari, P.N., et al. Immediate endoscopic management of complete iatrogenic anterior urethral injuries: a case series with long-term results. BMC Urol, 2005. 5: 13.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16281970/

276.Tausch, T.J., et al. Gunshot wound injuries of the prostate and posterior urethra: reconstructive armamentarium. J Urol, 2007. 178: 1346.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17706720/

277.Johnsen, N.V., et al. Risk of infectious complications in pelvic fracture urethral injury patients managed with internal fixation and suprapubic catheter placement. J Trauma Acute Care Surg, 2018. 85: 536.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29985241/

278.Leddy, L.S., et al. Outcomes of endoscopic realignment of pelvic fracture associated urethral injuries at a level 1 trauma center. J Urol, 2012. 188: 174.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22591965/

279.Elshout, P.J., et al. Outcomes of Early Endoscopic Realignment Versus Suprapubic Cystostomy and Delayed Urethroplasty for Pelvic Fracture-related Posterior Urethral Injuries: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2017. 3(6):545.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753868/

280.Warner, J.N., et al. The management of the acute setting of pelvic fracture urethral injury (realignment vs. suprapubic cystostomy alone). Arab J Urol, 2015. 13: 7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26019971/

281.Barrett, K., et al. Primary realignment vs suprapubic cystostomy for the management of pelvic fracture-associated urethral injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology, 2014. 83: 924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24680459/

282.Tausch, T.J., et al. Unintended negative consequences of primary endoscopic realignment for men with pelvic fracture urethral injuries. J Urol, 2014. 192: 1720.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972309/

283.Horiguchi, A., et al. Primary Realignment for Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury Is Associated With Prolonged Time to Urethroplasty and Increased Stenosis Complexity. Urology, 2017. 108: 184.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28606774/

284.Koraitim, M.M. Effect of early realignment on length and delayed repair of postpelvic fracture urethral injury. Urology, 2012. 79: 912.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22342415/

285.Lumen, N., et al. Perineal anastomotic urethroplasty for posttraumatic urethral stricture with or without previous urethral manipulations: a review of 61 cases with long-term followup. J Urol, 2009. 181: 1196.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19152939/

286.Scarberry, K., et al. Delayed Posterior Urethroplasty Following Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury: Do We Have to Wait 3 Months? Urology, 2018. 116:193.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29545047/

287.Aboutaieb, R., et al. [Surgical treatment of traumatic ruptures of the posterior urethra]. Prog Urol, 2000. 10: 58.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10785920/

288.Sfaxi, M., et al. [Surgical treatment of post-traumatic complete urethral rupture: deferred urgent urethral suture or delayed repair?]. Prog Urol, 2006. 16: 464.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17069041/

289.Mundy, A.R. Anastomotic urethroplasty. BJU Int, 2005. 96: 921.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16153236/

290.Lumen, N., et al., European Association of Urology Guidelines on Urethral Strictures. In: EAU Guidelines published at the 38th EAU Annual Congress, Milan 2023. Arnhem, The Netherlands.

https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urethral-strictures

291.Brandes, S.B., et al. External genitalia gunshot wounds: a ten-year experience with fifty-six cases.
J Trauma, 1995. 39: 266.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7674395/

292.McCormick, C.S., et al. Male genital trauma at a level 1 trauma center. World J Urol, 2020.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32077992/

293.Monga, M., et al. Testicular Trauma. Adolesc Med, 1996. 7: 141.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10359963/

294.Frauscher, F., et al. US findings in the scrotum of extreme mountain bikers. Radiology, 2001. 219: 427.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11323467/

295.de Peretti, F., et al. [Fuel tanks of motorcycles. Role in severe trauma of the pelvis]. Presse Med, 1993. 22: 61.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8493205/

296.Herrmann, B., et al. Genital injuries in prepubertal girls from inline skating accidents. Pediatrics, 2002. 110: e16.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12165615/

297.Lawson, J.S., et al. Catastrophic injuries to the eyes and testicles in footballers. Med J Aust, 1995. 163: 242.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7565208/

298.Grigorian, A., et al. National analysis of testicular and scrotal trauma in the USA. Res Rep Urol, 2018. 10: 51.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30128306/

299.Maxwell, B.G., et al. National patterns of injury and outcomes of gunshot wounds to the penis: A Trauma Quality Programs retrospective cohort analysis. Acute Med Surg, 2021. 8: e636.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33747534/

300.Gaspar, S.S., et al. Sexual Urological Emergencies. Sex Med Revs, 2015. 3: 93.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27784550/

301.Forrester, M.B. Penis Ring Injuries Treated at Emergency Departments. J Sex Marital Ther, 2021: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33734034/

302.Amer, T., et al. Penile Fracture: A Meta-Analysis. Urol Int, 2016. 96: 315.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26953932/

303.Christian-Miller, N., et al. Risk factors for penile fracture compared with a surgical control cohort in the United States: the role of substance abuse. Asian J Androl, 2021. 23: 236.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33243961/

304.Haas, C.A., et al. Penile fracture and testicular rupture. World J Urol, 1999. 17: 101.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10367369/

305.Barros, R., et al. Lessons learned after 20 years’ experience with penile fracture. Int Braz J Urol, 2020. 46: 409.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32167705/

306.Nicolaisen, G.S., et al. Rupture of the corpus cavernosum: surgical management. J Urol, 1983.
130: 917.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6632099/

307.Tsang, T., et al. Penile fracture with urethral injury. J Urol, 1992. 147: 466.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1732623/

308.De Luca, F., et al. Functional outcomes following immediate repair of penile fracture: a tertiary referral centre experience with 76 consecutive patients. Scand J Urol, 2017. 51: 170.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28125311/

309.McGregor, M.J., et al. Sexual assault forensic medical examination: is evidence related to successful prosecution? Ann Emerg Med, 2002. 39: 639.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12023707/

310.Phonsombat, S., et al. Penetrating external genital trauma: a 30-year single institution experience.
J Urol, 2008. 180: 192.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18499189/

311.Selikowitz, S.M. Penetrating high-velocity genitourinary injuries. Part I. Statistics mechanisms, and renal wounds. Urology, 1977. 9: 371.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/855062/

312.Hudak, S.J., et al. Operative management of wartime genitourinary injuries at Balad Air Force Theater Hospital, 2005 to 2008. J Urol, 2009. 182: 180.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19450817/

313.Cass, A.S., et al. Bilateral testicular injury from external trauma. J Urol, 1988. 140: 1435.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3193512/

314.McAninch, J.W., et al. Major traumatic and septic genital injuries. J Trauma, 1984. 24: 291.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6368854/

315.Michielsen, D., et al. Burns to the genitalia and the perineum. J Urol, 1998. 159: 418.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9649253/

316.Nelius, T., et al. Genital piercings: diagnostic and therapeutic implications for urologists. Urology, 2011. 78: 998.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22054364/

317.Lee, J.Y., et al. Traumatic dislocation of testes and bladder rupture. Urology, 1992. 40: 506.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1466102/

318.Nagarajan, V.P., et al. Traumatic dislocation of testis. Urology, 1983. 22: 521.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6649208/

319.Pollen, J.J., et al. Traumatic dislocation of the testes. J Trauma, 1982. 22: 247.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7069812/

320.Shefi, S., et al. Traumatic testicular dislocation: a case report and review of published reports. Urology, 1999. 54: 744.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10754145/

321.Cass, A.S., et al. Testicular injuries. Urology, 1991. 37: 528.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2038785/

322.Wang, Z., et al. Diagnosis and management of testicular rupture after blunt scrotal trauma: a literature review. Int Urol Nephrol, 2016. 48: 1967.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27567912/

323.Wasko, R., et al. Traumatic rupture of the testicle. J Urol, 1966. 95: 721.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5935538/

324.Tchounzou, R., et al. Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Features, Treatment and Outcome of Coital Injuries of the Female Genital Tract Consecutive to Consensual Sexual Intercourse in the Limbe Regional Hospital. Sex Med, 2015. 3: 256.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26797059/

325.Sotto, L.S., et al. Perigenital hematomas; analysis of forty-seven consecutive cases. Obstet Gynecol, 1958. 12: 259.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13578292/

326.DA., H. Editorial Comment. J Urol 1998. 159: 959.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31345289/

327.Okur, H., et al. Genitourinary tract injuries in girls. Br J Urol, 1996. 78: 446.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8881959/

328.Goldman, H.B., et al. Traumatic injuries of the female external genitalia and their association with urological injuries. J Urol, 1998. 159: 956.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9474191/

329.Karadeniz, T., et al. Penile fracture: differential diagnosis, management and outcome. Br J Urol, 1996. 77: 279.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8800899/

330.Fedel, M., et al. The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of suspected penile fracture with atypical clinical findings. J Urol, 1996. 155: 1924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8618289/

331.Pretorius, E.S., et al. MR imaging of the penis. Radiographics, 2001. 21 Spec No: S283.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11598264/

332.Uder, M., et al. MRI of penile fracture: diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up. Eur Radiol, 2002. 12: 113.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11868085/

333.Buckley, J.C., et al. Diagnosis and management of testicular ruptures. Urol Clin North Am, 2006.
33: 111.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16488285/

334.Spiesecke, P., et al. Diagnostic performance of MRI and US in suspicion of penile fracture. Transl Androl Urol, 2022. 11: 377.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35402188/

335.Andipa, E., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound evaluation of penile and testicular masses. World J Urol, 2004. 22: 382.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15300391/

336.Corrales, J.G., et al. Accuracy of ultrasound diagnosis after blunt testicular trauma. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1834.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8080482/

337.Fournier, G.R., Jr., et al. Scrotal ultrasonography and the management of testicular trauma. Urol Clin North Am, 1989. 16: 377.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2652862/

338.Kratzik, C., et al. Has ultrasound influenced the therapy concept of blunt scrotal trauma? J Urol, 1989. 142: 1243.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2681835/

339.Martinez-Pineiro, L., Jr., et al. Value of testicular ultrasound in the evaluation of blunt scrotal trauma without haematocele. Br J Urol, 1992. 69: 286.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1568102/

340.Micallef, M., et al. Ultrasound features of blunt testicular injury. Injury, 2001. 32: 23.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11164397/

341.Mulhall, J.P., et al. Emergency management of blunt testicular trauma. Acad Emerg Med, 1995. 2: 639.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8521212/

342.Patil, M.G., et al. The value of ultrasound in the evaluation of patients with blunt scrotal trauma. Injury, 1994. 25: 177.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8168890/

343.Churukanti, G.R., et al. Role of Ultrasonography for Testicular Injuries in Penetrating Scrotal Trauma. Urology, 2016. 95: 208.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27132505/

344.Lee, S.H., et al. Trauma to male genital organs: a 10-year review of 156 patients, including 118 treated by surgery. BJU Int, 2008. 101: 211.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17922859/

345.Muglia, V., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of scrotal diseases: when it makes the difference. Urology, 2002. 59: 419.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11880084/

346.Ramanathan, S., et al. Imaging in scrotal trauma: a European Society of Urogenital Radiology Scrotal and Penile Imaging Working Group (ESUR-SPIWG) position statement. Eur Radiol, 2021. 31: 4918.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33449189/

347.Talan, D.A., et al. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. Emergency Medicine Animal Bite Infection Study Group. N Engl J Med, 1999. 340: 85.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9887159/

348.Presutti, R.J. Bite wounds. Early treatment and prophylaxis against infectious complications. Postgrad Med, 1997. 101: 243.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9126216/

349.Lewis, K.T., et al. Management of cat and dog bites. Am Fam Physician, 1995. 52: 479.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7625323/

350.Dreesen, D.W., et al. Current recommendations for the prophylaxis and treatment of rabies. Drugs, 1998. 56: 801.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9829154/

351.Anderson, C.R. Animal bites. Guidelines to current management. Postgrad Med, 1992. 92: 134.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1614928/

352.Gee, S., et al. on behalf of the North West Policy Group. Guidance for the Management of Human Bite Injuries. 2010.

https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20140714084352/http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1194947350692

353.Summerton, D.J., et al. Reconstructive surgery in penile trauma and cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol, 2005. 2: 391.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16474736/

354.Mydlo, J.H., et al. Urethrography and cavernosography imaging in a small series of penile fractures: a comparison with surgical findings. Urology, 1998. 51: 616.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9586616/

355.Penbegul, N., et al. No evidence of depression, anxiety, and sexual dysfunction following penile fracture. Int J Impot Res, 2012. 24: 26.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21918532/

356.Kominsky, H., et al. Surgical reconstruction for penile fracture: a systematic review. Int J Impot Res, 2020. 32: 75.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31685943/

357.Virasoro, R., et al. Penile Amputation: Cosmetic and Functional Results. Sex Med Revs, 2015. 3: 214.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27784611/

358.Babaei, A.R., et al. Penile replantation, science or myth? A systematic review. Urol J, 2007. 4: 62.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17701923/

359.Koller, C.R., et al. Self-Induced Trauma to the Genitalia: a Review of the Literature and Management Schemes. Curr Urol Rep, 2021. 22: 18.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33534050/

360.Tiguert, R., et al. Management of shotgun injuries to the pelvis and lower genitourinary system. Urology, 2000. 55: 193.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10688077/

361.Altarac, S. Management of 53 cases of testicular trauma. Eur Urol, 1994. 25: 119.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8137851/

362.Cass, A.S., et al. Value of early operation in blunt testicular contusion with hematocele. J Urol, 1988. 139: 746.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3352037/

363.Altarac, S. A case of testicle replantation. J Urol, 1993. 150: 1507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8411440/

364.Abid, A.F., et al. Penetrating Scrotal Injuries: A War Time Experience in a Civilian Setup. Open Access Macedonian J Med Sci, 2021. 9: 1198.

https://oamjms.eu/index.php/mjms/article/view/6888

365.Sharma, G., et al. Sexual function outcomes and risk factors of erectile dysfunction after surgical repair of penile fracture. Turk J Urol, 2021. 47: 106.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33052833/

366.Bulbul, E., et al. Penile fracture: Tertiary care center experience and long-term complications after immediate repair. Andrology, 2022. 10: 560.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34939748/

367.Bozzini, G., et al. Delaying Surgical Treatment of Penile Fracture Results in Poor Functional Outcomes: Results from a Large Retrospective Multicenter European Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 106.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753754/

368.Orvis, B.R., et al. Penile rupture. Urol Clin North Am, 1989. 16: 369.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2652861/

369.Etabbal, A.M., et al. War-related penile injuries in Libya: Single-institution experience. Arab J Urol, 2018.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29892491/

370.Starmer, B.Z., et al. Considerations in fertility preservation in cases of testicular trauma. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 466.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29164757/