Guidelines

Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma

9. REFERENCES

1.Gontero, P., et al. Guidelines on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (T1, T1 and CIS), in EAU Guidelines, Edn. presented at the 38th EAU Annual Congress Milan. 2023, EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

https://uroweb.org/guidelines/non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer

2.Witjes, J.A., et al., EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer in EAU Guidelines, Edn. presented at the 38th EAU Annual Congress Milan. 2023, EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

https://uroweb.org/guidelines/muscle-invasive-and-metastatic-bladder-cancer

3.Gakis, G., et al., EAU Guidelines on Primary Urethral Carcinoma, in EAU Guidelines, Edn. presented at the 38th EAU Annual Congress Milan. 2023, EAU Guidelines Office, Arnhem, The Netherlands.

https://uroweb.org/guidelines/primary-urethral-carcinoma

4.Rouprêt, M., et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: 2020 Update. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 62.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32593530/

5.Phillips, B., et al. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009. Access date Jannuary 2023.

https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxford-centre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009

6.Guyatt, G.H., et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 924.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18436948/

7.Guyatt, G.H., et al. What is “quality of evidence” and why is it important to clinicians? BMJ, 2008. 336: 995.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18456631/

8.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467413/

9.Siegel, R.L., et al. Cancer Statistics, 2021. Cancer J Clin, 2021. 71: 7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33433946/

10.Soria, F., et al. Epidemiology, diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and prognostic assessment of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC). World J Urol, 2017. 35: 379.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27604375/

11.Almås, B., et al. Higher than expected and significantly increasing incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. A population based study. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 3385.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33420812/

12.Green, D.A., et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder and the upper tract: disparate twins. J Urol, 2013. 189: 1214.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23023150/

13.Cosentino, M., et al. Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma: location as a predictive factor for concomitant bladder carcinoma. World J Urol, 2013. 31: 141.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22552732/

14.Singla, N., et al. A Multi-Institutional Comparison of Clinicopathological Characteristics and Oncologic Outcomes of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma in China and the United States. J Urol, 2017. 197: 1208.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27887951/

15.Xylinas, E., et al. Multifocal Carcinoma In Situ of the Upper Tract Is Associated With High Risk of Bladder Cancer Recurrence. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 1069.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22402109/

16.Li, W.M., et al. Oncologic outcomes following three different approaches to the distal ureter and bladder cuff in nephroureterectomy for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 963.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20079965/

17.Baard, J., et al. Contemporary patterns of presentation, diagnostics and management of upper tract urothelial cancer in 101 centres: the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society Global upper tract urothelial carcinoma registry. Curr Opin Urol, 2021. 31: 354.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34009177/

18.Rai, B.P., et al. Systematic Review of the Incidence of and Risk Factors for Urothelial Cancers and Renal Cell Carcinoma Among Patients with Haematuria. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 182.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35393159/

19.Miller, E.B., et al. Upper tract transitional cell carcinoma following treatment of superficial bladder cancer with BCG. Urology, 1993. 42: 26.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8328123/

20.Herr, H.W. Extravesical tumor relapse in patients with superficial bladder tumors. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16: 1099.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9508196/

21.Nishiyama, N., et al. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma following intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy for nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: Results from a multi-institutional retrospective study. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 306.e9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29550096/

22.Sanderson, K.M., et al. Upper urinary tract tumour after radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: an update on the risk factors, surveillance regimens and treatments. BJU Int, 2007. 100: 11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17428248/

23.Ayyathurai, R., et al. Monitoring of the upper urinary tract in patients with bladder cancer. Indian
J Urol, 2011. 27: 238.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21814316/

24.Margulis, V., et al. Outcomes of radical nephroureterectomy: a series from the Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Collaboration. Cancer, 2009. 115: 1224.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19156917/

25.Aziz, A., et al. Stage Migration for Upper Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2021. 19: e184.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33153919/

26.Browne, B.M., et al. An Analysis of Staging and Treatment Trends for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma in the National Cancer Database. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2018. 16: e743.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29506950/

27.van Doeveren, T., et al. Rising incidence rates and unaltered survival rates for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a Dutch population-based study from 1993 to 2017. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 343.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33690922/

28.Shariat, S.F., et al. Gender differences in radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. World J Urol, 2011. 29: 481.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20886219/

29.Audenet, F., et al. Clonal Relatedness and Mutational Differences between Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res, 2019. 25: 967.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30352907/

30.Umar, A., et al. Revised Bethesda Guidelines for hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome) and microsatellite instability. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2004. 96: 261.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14970275/

31.Therkildsen, C., et al. Molecular subtype classification of urothelial carcinoma in Lynch syndrome. Mol Oncol, 2018. 12: 1286.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29791078/

32.Roupret, M., et al. Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinomas and other urological malignancies involved in the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (lynch syndrome) tumor spectrum. Eur Urol, 2008. 54: 1226.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18715695/

33.Acher, P., et al. Towards a rational strategy for the surveillance of patients with Lynch syndrome (hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer) for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 300.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20553255/

34.Ju, J.Y., et al. Universal Lynch Syndrome Screening Should be Performed in All Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol, 2018. 42: 1549.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30148743/

35.Metcalfe, M.J., et al. Universal Point of Care Testing for Lynch Syndrome in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. J Urol, 2018. 199: 60.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28797715/

36.Pradere, B., et al. Lynch syndrome in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: significance, screening, and surveillance. Curr Opin Urol, 2017. 27: 48.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27533503/

37.Audenet, F., et al. A proportion of hereditary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas are misclassified as sporadic according to a multi-institutional database analysis: proposal of patient-specific risk identification tool. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E583.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22703159/

38.Gayhart, M.G., et al. Universal Mismatch Repair Protein Screening in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol, 2020. 154: 792.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32789450/

39.Schneider, B., et al. Loss of Mismatch-repair Protein Expression and Microsatellite Instability in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma and Clinicopathologic Implications. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2020. 18: e563.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32340874/

40.Ito, T., et al. Prevalence of Lynch syndrome among patients with upper urinary tract carcinoma in a Japanese hospital-based population. Jpn J Clin Oncol, 2020. 50: 80.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31665498/

41.Rasmussen, M., et al. Immunohistochemical Screening of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinomas for Lynch Syndrome Diagnostics: A Systematic Review. Urology, 2022. 165: 44.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35217028/

42.Colin, P., et al. Environmental factors involved in carcinogenesis of urothelial cell carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 1436.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19689473/

43.Dickman K.G., et al. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Upper Urinary Urothelial Cancers., In: Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Xylinas E., Shariat S., Editors. 2015, Springer: New York, NY, USA.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4939-1501-9_1

44.McLaughlin, J.K., et al. Cigarette smoking and cancers of the renal pelvis and ureter. Cancer Res, 1992. 52: 254.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1728398/

45.Crivelli, J.J., et al. Effect of smoking on outcomes of urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 742.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23810104/

46.Martin, C., et al. Familial Cancer Clustering in Urothelial Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2018. 110: 527.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29228305/

47.Chen C.J., et al. Arsenics and urothelial carcinoma., In: Hazards of Environmental Arsenic Poisoning from Epidemic to Pandemic. Chen C.J., Editor. 2011, World Scientific: Taipei.

https://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7569#t=aboutBook

48.López, J.F., et al. Arsenic exposure is associated with significant upper tract urothelial carcinoma health care needs and elevated mortality rates. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 638.e7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32088105/

49.Grollman, A.P. Aristolochic acid nephropathy: Harbinger of a global iatrogenic disease. Environ Mol Mutagen, 2013. 54: 1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23238808/

50.Aristolochic acids. Rep Carcinog, 2011. 12: 45.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21822318/

51.Cosyns, J.P. Aristolochic acid and ‘Chinese herbs nephropathy’: a review of the evidence to date. Drug Saf, 2003. 26: 33.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12495362/

52.Rosenquist, T.A., et al. Mutational signature of aristolochic acid: Clue to the recognition of a global disease. DNA Repair (Amst), 2016. 44: 205.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27237586/

53.Jelakovic, B., et al. Aristolactam-DNA adducts are a biomarker of environmental exposure to aristolochic acid. Kidney Int, 2012. 81: 559.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22071594/

54.Chen, C.H., et al. Aristolochic acid-associated urothelial cancer in Taiwan. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2012. 109: 8241.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22493262/

55.Nortier, J.L., et al. Urothelial carcinoma associated with the use of a Chinese herb (Aristolochia fangchi). N Engl J Med, 2000. 342: 1686.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10841870/

56.Sidorenko, V.S., et al. Bioactivation of the human carcinogen aristolochic acid. Carcinogenesis, 2014. 35: 1814.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24743514/

57.Hoang, M.L., et al. Mutational signature of aristolochic acid exposure as revealed by whole-exome sequencing. Sci Transl Med, 2013. 5: 197ra102.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23926200/

58.Huang, C.C., et al. Gender Is a Significant Prognostic Factor for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Large Hospital-Based Cancer Registry Study in an Endemic Area. Front Oncol, 2019. 9: 157.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30949449/

59.Xiong, G., et al. Aristolochic acid containing herbs induce gender-related oncological differences in upper tract urothelial carcinoma patients. Cancer Manag Res, 2018. 10: 6627.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30584358/

60.Chen, C.H., et al. Additive Effects of Arsenic and Aristolochic Acid in Chemical Carcinogenesis of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelium. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2021. 30: 317.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33277322/

61.Zaitsu, M., et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of upper-tract urothelial cancer. Cancer Epidemiol, 2017. 48: 36.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28364670/

62.Roupret, M., et al. Genetic variability in 8q24 confers susceptibility to urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract and is linked with patterns of disease aggressiveness at diagnosis. J Urol, 2012. 187: 424.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22177160/

63.Kiss, B., et al. Stenting Prior to Cystectomy is an Independent Risk Factor for Upper Urinary Tract Recurrence. J Urol, 2017. 198: 1263.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28603003/

64.Sountoulides, P., et al. Does Ureteral Stenting Increase the Risk of Metachronous Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma in Patients with Bladder Tumors? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
J Urol, 2021. 205: 956.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33284711/

65.Sakano, S., et al. Impact of variant histology on disease aggressiveness and outcome after nephroureterectomy in Japanese patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Int J Clin Oncol, 2015. 20: 362.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24964974/

66.Ouzzane, A., et al. Small cell carcinoma of the upper urinary tract (UUT-SCC): report of a rare entity and systematic review of the literature. Cancer Treat Rev, 2011. 37: 366.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21257269/

67.Rink, M., et al. Impact of histological variants on clinical outcomes of patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol, 2012. 188: 398.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22698626/

68.Mori, K., et al. Prognostic Value of Variant Histology in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Nephroureterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2020. 203: 1075.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31479406/

69.Perez-Montiel, D., et al. High-grade urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis: clinicopathologic study of 108 cases with emphasis on unusual morphologic variants. Mod Pathol, 2006. 19: 494.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16474378/

70.Desai, F.S., et al. Retrospective Evaluation of Risk Factors and Immunohistochemical Findings for Pre-Neoplastic and Neoplastic lesions of Upper Urinary Tract in Patients with Chronic Nephrolithiasis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev, 2015. 16: 8293.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26745075/

71.Zamboni, S., et al. Incidence and survival outcomes in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma diagnosed with variant histology and treated with nephroureterectomy. BJU Int, 2019. 124: 738.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30908835/

72.Kim, J.K., et al. Variant histology as a significant predictor of survival after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2017.
35: 458 e9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28347659/

73.Albadine, R., et al. PAX8 (+)/p63 (-) immunostaining pattern in renal collecting duct carcinoma (CDC): a useful immunoprofile in the differential diagnosis of CDC versus urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract. Am J Surg Pathol, 2010. 34: 965.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20463571/

74.Soukup, V., et al. Prognostic Performance and Reproducibility of the 1973 and 2004/2016 World Health Organization Grading Classification Systems in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A European Association of Urology Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 801.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28457661/

75.Subiela, J.D., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of ureteroscopic biopsy in predicting stage and grade at final pathology in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2020. 46: 1989.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32674841/

76.Brierley, J.D., et al. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 8th Edn. 2017.

https://www.wiley.com/en-us/TNM+Classification+of+Malignant+Tumours,+8th+Edition-p-9781119263579

77.Sauter, G., et al. Tumours of the urinary system: non-invasive urothelial neoplasias, In: WHO classification of classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs, A. Sauter, Amin, M., Editors. 2004, IARC Press: Lyon, France.

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Pathology-And-Genetics-Of-Tumours-Of-The-Urinary-System-And-Male-Genital-Organs-2004

78.Moch H., et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. Fourth edition. 2016, Lyon, France.

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/WHO-Classification-Of-Tumours-Of-The-Urinary-System-And-Male-Genital-Organs-2016

79.WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board, WHO Classification of Tumours. Urinary and male genital tumours. Cancer. 5th Edn., vol 8. 2022, IARC, Lyon (France).

https://publications.iarc.fr/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Urinary-And-Male-Genital-Tumours-2022

80.Fujii, Y., et al. Molecular classification and diagnostics of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Cell, 2021. 39: 793.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34129823/

81.Inman, B.A., et al. Carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: predictors of survival and competing causes of mortality. Cancer, 2009. 115: 2853.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19434668/

82.Cowan, N.C. CT urography for hematuria. Nat Rev Urol, 2012. 9: 218.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22410682/

83.Cowan, N.C., et al. Multidetector computed tomography urography for diagnosing upper urinary tract urothelial tumour. BJU Int, 2007. 99: 1363.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17428251/

84.Janisch, F., et al. Diagnostic performance of multidetector computed tomographic (MDCTU) in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC): a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 1165.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31321509/

85.Verhoest, G., et al. Predictive factors of recurrence and survival of upper tract urothelial carcinomas. World J Urol, 2011. 29: 495.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC3526475/

86.Millán-Rodríguez, F., et al. Conventional CT signs in staging transitional cell tumors of the upper urinary tract. Eur Urol, 1999. 35: 318.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10087395/

87.Takahashi, N., et al. Gadolinium enhanced magnetic resonance urography for upper urinary tract malignancy. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1330.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171676/

88.Razavi, S.A., et al. Comparative effectiveness of imaging modalities for the diagnosis of upper and lower urinary tract malignancy: a critically appraised topic. Acad Radiol, 2012. 19: 1134.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22717592/

89.Voskuilen, C.S., et al. Diagnostic Value of (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography with Computed Tomography for Lymph Node Staging in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 73.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31591037/

90.Witjes, J.A., et al. Hexaminolevulinate-guided fluorescence cystoscopy in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: review of the evidence and recommendations. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 607.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20116164/

91.The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology, 2nd Edn. E.M. Wojcik, Kurtycz, DFI, Rosenthal, D.L., editors. 2022. Springer Cham, Switzerland.

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-88686-8

92.Messer, J., et al. Urinary cytology has a poor performance for predicting invasive or high-grade upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 701.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21320275/

93.Malm, C., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: how samples are collected matters. Scand J Urol, 2017. 51: 137.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28385123/

94.Messer, J.C., et al. Multi-institutional validation of the ability of preoperative hydronephrosis to predict advanced pathologic tumor stage in upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2013.
31: 904.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21906967/

95.Wang, L.J., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of transitional cell carcinoma on multidetector computerized tomography urography in patients with gross hematuria. J Urol, 2009. 181: 524.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19100576/

96.Lee, K.S., et al. MR urography versus retrograde pyelography/ureteroscopy for the exclusion of upper urinary tract malignancy. Clin Radiol, 2010. 65: 185.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20152273/

97.Aalami, A.H., et al. Diagnostic performance of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Oncol, 2022.
27: 1605.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35856125/

98.Jin, H., et al. A comprehensive comparison of fluorescence in situ hybridization and cytology for the detection of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2018. 97: e13859.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30593189/

99.D’Elia, C., et al. Xpert® bladder cancer detection as a diagnostic tool in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: preliminary results. Ther Adv Urol, 2022. 14: 17562872221090320.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35450126/

100.Rojas, C.P., et al. Low biopsy volume in ureteroscopy does not affect tumor biopsy grading in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2013. 31: 1696.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22819696/

101.Mori, K., et al. Discordance Between Clinical and Pathological Staging and Grading in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2022. 20: 95.e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34764007/

102.Smith, A.K., et al. Inadequacy of biopsy for diagnosis of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: implications for conservative management. Urology, 2011. 78: 82.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21550642/

103.Ishikawa, S., et al. Impact of diagnostic ureteroscopy on intravesical recurrence and survival in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J Urol, 2010. 184: 883.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20643446/

104.Clements, T., et al. High-grade ureteroscopic biopsy is associated with advanced pathology of upper-tract urothelial carcinoma tumors at definitive surgical resection. J Endourol, 2012. 26: 398.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22192113/

105.Brien, J.C., et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis, ureteroscopic biopsy grade and urinary cytology can improve prediction of advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol, 2010. 184: 69.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20478585/

106.Sharma, V., et al. The Impact of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnostic Modality on Intravesical Recurrence after Radical Nephroureterectomy: A Single Institution Series and Updated Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2021. 206: 558.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33908802/

107.Nowak, Ł., et al. The Impact of Diagnostic Ureteroscopy Prior to Radical Nephroureterectomy on Oncological Outcomes in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med, 2021. 10: 4197.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34575307/

108.Bus, M.T., et al. Optical diagnostics for upper urinary tract urothelial cancer: technology, thresholds, and clinical applications. J Endourol, 2015. 29: 113.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25178057/

109.Knoedler, J.J., et al. Advances in the management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: improved endoscopic management through better diagnostics. Ther Adv Urol, 2018. 10: 421.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30574202/

110.Breda, A., et al. Correlation Between Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy (Cellvizio((R))) and Histological Grading of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Step Forward for a Better Selection of Patients Suitable for Conservative Management. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 954.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753800/

111.Bus, M.T., et al. Optical Coherence Tomography as a Tool for In Vivo Staging and Grading of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Study of Diagnostic Accuracy. J Urol, 2016. 196: 1749.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27475968/

112.Collà Ruvolo, C., et al. Tumor Size Predicts Muscle-invasive and Non-organ-confined Disease in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma at Radical Nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 498.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33737024/

113.Kim, H.S., et al. Association between demographic factors and prognosis in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget, 2017. 8: 7464.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27448978/

114.Collà Ruvolo, C., et al. Incidence and Survival Rates of Contemporary Patients with Invasive Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 792.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33293235/

115.Mori, K., et al. Differential Effect of Sex on Outcomes after Radical Surgery for Upper Tract and Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2020. 204: 58.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31995432/

116.Matsumoto, K., et al. Racial differences in the outcome of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: an international study. BJU Int, 2011. 108: E304.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21507184/

117.Lindner, A.K., et al. Lynch Syndrome: Its Impact on Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci, 2021. 22: 531.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33430305/

118.Simsir, A., et al. Prognostic factors for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas: stage, grade, and smoking status. Int Urol Nephrol, 2011. 43: 1039.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21547471/

119.Rink, M., et al. Impact of smoking on oncologic outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 1082.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22743166/

120.Xylinas, E., et al. Impact of smoking status and cumulative exposure on intravesical recurrence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. BJU Int, 2014. 114: 56.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24053463/

121.Shigeta, K., et al. A Novel Risk-based Approach Simulating Oncological Surveillance After Radical Nephroureterectomy in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 756.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31395480/

122.Sundi, D., et al. Upper tract urothelial carcinoma: impact of time to surgery. Urol Oncol, 2012. 30: 266.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20869888/

123.Gadzinski, A.J., et al. Long-term outcomes of immediate versus delayed nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Endourol, 2012. 26: 566.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21879886/

124.Lee, J.N., et al. Impact of surgical wait time on oncologic outcomes in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. J Surg Oncol, 2014. 110: 468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25059848/

125.Waldert, M., et al. A delay in radical nephroureterectomy can lead to upstaging. BJU Int, 2010.
105: 812.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19732052/

126.Xia, L., et al. Impact of surgical waiting time on survival in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A national cancer database study. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 10 e15.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29031419/

127.Kluth, L.A., et al. Predictors of survival in patients with disease recurrence after radical nephroureterectomy. BJU Int, 2014. 113: 911.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24053651/

128.Aziz, A., et al. Comparative analysis of comorbidity and performance indices for prediction of oncological outcomes in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma who were treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 1141.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24856977/

129.Chromecki, T.F., et al. Chronological age is not an independent predictor of clinical outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy. World J Urol, 2011. 29: 473.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21499902/

130.Tanaka, N., et al. Patient characteristics and outcomes in metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy: the experience of Japanese multi-institutions. BJU Int, 2013. 112: E28.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23795795/

131.Berod, A.A., et al. The role of American Society of Anesthesiologists scores in predicting urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract outcome after radical nephroureterectomy: results from a national multi-institutional collaborative study. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E1035.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22568669/

132.Carrion, A., et al. Intraoperative prognostic factors and atypical patterns of recurrence in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma treated with laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy. Scand J Urol, 2016. 50: 305.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26926709/

133.Ehdaie, B., et al. Obesity adversely impacts disease specific outcomes in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol, 2011. 186: 66.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21571333/

134.Yeh, H.C., et al. Interethnic differences in the impact of body mass index on upper tract urothelial carcinoma following radical nephroureterectomy. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 491.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32318857/

135.Dalpiaz, O., et al. Validation of the pretreatment derived neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in a European cohort of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 2014. 110: 2531.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24691424/

136.Vartolomei, M.D., et al. Is neutrophil-to-lymphocytes ratio a clinical relevant preoperative biomarker in upper tract urothelial carcinoma? A meta-analysis of 4385 patients. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1019.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29468284/

137.Mori, K., et al. Prognostic value of preoperative blood-based biomarkers in upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with nephroureterectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 315.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32088103/

138.Zheng, Y., et al. Combination of Systemic Inflammation Response Index and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Novel Prognostic Marker of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Radical Nephroureterectomy. Front Oncol, 2019. 9: 914.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31620369/

139.Liu, J., et al. The prognostic significance of preoperative serum albumin in urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep, 2018. 38: BSR20180214.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29685957/

140.Soria, F., et al. Prognostic value of the systemic inflammation modified Glasgow prognostic score in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) treated with radical nephroureterectomy: Results from a large multicenter international collaboration. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 602.e11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32037197/

141.Mori, K., et al. Prognostic role of preoperative De Ritis ratio in upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 601.e17.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32127252/

142.Xu, H., et al. Pretreatment elevated fibrinogen level predicts worse oncologic outcomes in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Asian J Androl, 2020. 22: 177.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31169138/

143.Mbeutcha, A., et al. Prognostic factors and predictive tools for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review. World J Urol, 2017. 35: 337.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27101100/

144.Rosiello, G., et al. Contemporary conditional cancer-specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with nonmetastatic urothelial carcinoma of upper urinary tract.
J Surg Oncol, 2020. 121: 1154.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32107785/

145.Seisen, T., et al. Prognostic Impact of pT3 Subclassification in a Multicentre Cohort of Patients with Urothelial Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvicalyceal System Undergoing Radical Nephroureterectomy: A Propensity Score-weighted Analysis After Central Pathology Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 1075.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33463527/

146.Yafi, F.A., et al. Impact of tumour location versus multifocality in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with nephroureterectomy and bladder cuff excision: a homogeneous series without perioperative chemotherapy. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22177329/

147.Ouzzane, A., et al. Ureteral and multifocal tumours have worse prognosis than renal pelvic tumours in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract treated by nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol, 2011.
60: 1258.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21665356/

148.Lughezzani, G., et al. Prognostic factors in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas: a comprehensive review of the current literature. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 100.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22381168/

149.Kaczmarek, K., et al. Survival differences of patients with ureteral versus pelvicalyceal tumours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Med Sci, 2021. 17: 603.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34025829/

150.Chromecki, T.F., et al. The impact of tumor multifocality on outcomes in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 245.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21975249/

151.Williams, A.K., et al. Multifocality rather than tumor location is a prognostic factor in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2013. 31: 1161.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415596/

152.Hurel, S., et al. Influence of preoperative factors on the oncologic outcome for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 335.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24810657/

153.Lwin, A.A., et al. Urothelial Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter: Does Location Make a Difference? Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2020. 18: 45.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31786118/

154.Ito, Y., et al. Preoperative hydronephrosis grade independently predicts worse pathological outcomes in patients undergoing nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol, 2011. 185: 1621.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21419429/

155.Foerster, B., et al. The Performance of Tumor Size as Risk Stratification Parameter in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma (UTUC). Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2021. 19: 272.e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33046411/

156.Yu, J., et al. Impact of squamous differentiation on intravesical recurrence and prognosis of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Ann Transl Med, 2019. 7: 377.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31555691/

157.Pelcovits, A., et al. Outcomes of upper tract urothelial carcinoma with isolated lymph node involvement following surgical resection: implications for multi-modal management. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 1243.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31388818/

158.Fajkovic, H., et al. Prognostic value of extranodal extension and other lymph node parameters in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Urol, 2012. 187: 845.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22248522/

159.Roscigno, M., et al. Lymphadenectomy at the time of nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial cancer. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 776.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21798659/

160.Raza, S.J., et al. Lymph node density for stratification of survival outcomes with node positive upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Can J Urol, 2019. 26: 9852.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31469641/

161.Roupret, M., et al. Prediction of cancer specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: development of an optimized postoperative nomogram using decision curve analysis. J Urol, 2013. 189: 1662.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23103802/

162.Lughezzani, G., et al. A critical appraisal of the value of lymph node dissection at nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urology, 2010. 75: 118.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19864000/

163.Nazzani, S., et al. Rates of lymph node invasion and their impact on cancer specific mortality in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol, 2019. 45: 1238.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30563773/

164.Kikuchi, E., et al. Lymphovascular invasion predicts clinical outcomes in patients with node-negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol, 2009. 27: 612.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19075275/

165.Novara, G., et al. Prognostic role of lymphovascular invasion in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: an international validation study. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 1064.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20071073/

166.Liu, W., et al. Prognostic Value of Lymphovascular Invasion in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma after Radical Nephroureterectomy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dis Markers, 2019. 2019: 7386140.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31565103/

167.Samaratunga, H., et al. Data Set for the Reporting of Carcinoma of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter-Nephroureterectomy and Ureterectomy Specimens: Recommendations From the International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR). Am J Surg Pathol, 2019. 43: e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31192862/

168.Stangl-Kremser, J., et al. The impact of lymphovascular invasion in patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: An extensive updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 243.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35241364/

169.Colin, P., et al. Influence of positive surgical margin status after radical nephroureterectomy on upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma survival. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012. 19: 3613.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22843187/

170.Martini, A., et al. Pathological downstaging as a novel endpoint for the development of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int, 2019.124: 665.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30801918/

171.Singla, N., et al. Pathologic stage as a surrogate for oncologic outcomes after receipt of neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2020.
38: 933.e7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32430254/

172.Remzi, M., et al. Tumour architecture is an independent predictor of outcomes after nephroureterectomy: a multi-institutional analysis of 1363 patients. BJU Int, 2009. 103: 307.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18990163/

173.Fritsche, H.M., et al. Macroscopic sessile tumor architecture is a pathologic feature of biologically aggressive upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2012. 30: 666.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20933445/

174.Liu, H.Y., et al. The Prognostic Impact of Tumor Architecture for Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Propensity Score-Weighted Analysis. Front Oncol, 2021. 11: 613696.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33718167/

175.Gao, X., et al. Concomitant carcinoma in situ as a prognostic factor in the upper tract urothelial carcinoma after radical nephroureterectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 574.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32273049/

176.Redrow, G.P., et al. Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma In Situ: Current Knowledge, Future Direction.
J Urol, 2017. 197: 287.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27664578/

177.Roscigno, M., et al. International validation of the prognostic value of subclassification for AJCC stage pT3 upper tract urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 674.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22348322/

178.Scarpini, S., et al. Impact of the expression of Aurora-A, p53, and MIB-1 on the prognosis of urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract. Urol Oncol, 2012. 30: 182.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20189840/

179.Favaretto, R.L., et al. Combining imaging and ureteroscopy variables in a preoperative multivariable model for prediction of muscle-invasive and non-organ confined disease in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int, 2012. 109: 77.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21631698/

180.Petros, F.G., et al. Preoperative multiplex nomogram for prediction of high-risk nonorgan-confined upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 292 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30584035/

181.Yoshida, T., et al. Development and external validation of a preoperative nomogram for predicting pathological locally advanced disease of clinically localized upper urinary tract carcinoma. Cancer Med, 2020. 9: 3733.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32253820/

182.Margulis, V., et al. Preoperative multivariable prognostic model for prediction of nonorgan confined urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. J Urol, 2010. 184: 453.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620397/

183.Venkat, S., et al. Novel nomograms to predict muscle invasion and lymph node metastasis in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 108.e11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35034804/

184.Roupret, M., et al. A new proposal to risk stratify urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract (UTUCs) in a predefinitive treatment setting: low-risk versus high-risk UTUCs. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 181.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24361259/

185.Seisen, T., et al. Risk-adapted strategy for the kidney-sparing management of upper tract tumours. Nat Rev Urol, 2015. 12: 155.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25708579/

186.Foerster, B., et al. Pretreatment Risk Stratification for Endoscopic Kidney-sparing Surgery in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: An International Collaborative Study. Eur Urol, 2021. 80: 507.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34023164/

187.Katayama, S., et al. Accuracy and Clinical Utility of a Tumor Grade- and Stage-based Predictive Model in Localized Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 761.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34053904/

188.Marcq, G., et al. Novel Classification for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma to Better Risk-stratify Patients Eligible for Kidney-sparing Strategies: An International Collaborative Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 491.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33773965/

189.Cha, E.K., et al. Predicting clinical outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 818.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22284969/

190.Yates, D.R., et al. Cancer-specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: proposal and multi-institutional validation of a post-operative nomogram.
Br J Cancer, 2012. 106: 1083.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22374463/

191.Seisen, T., et al. Postoperative nomogram to predict cancer-specific survival after radical nephroureterectomy in patients with localised and/or locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma without metastasis. BJU Int, 2014. 114: 733.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24447471/

192.Ku, J.H., et al. External validation of an online nomogram in patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Br J Cancer, 2013. 109: 1130.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23949152/

193.Krabbe, L.M., et al. Postoperative Nomogram for Relapse-Free Survival in Patients with High Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. J Urol, 2017. 197: 580.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27670916/

194.Zhang, G.L., et al. A Model for the Prediction of Survival in Patients With Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma After Surgery. Dose Response, 2019. 17: 1559325819882872.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31662711/

195.Seisen, T., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Clinicopathologic Factors Linked to Intravesical Recurrence After Radical Nephroureterectomy to Treat Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 1122.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25488681/

196.Zhang, X., et al. Development and Validation of a Model for Predicting Intravesical Recurrence in Organ-confined Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Patients after Radical Nephroureterectomy: a Retrospective Study in One Center with Long-term Follow-up. Pathol Oncol Res, 2020. 26: 1741.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31643022/

197.Sheu, Z.L., et al. Tumor distribution affects bladder recurrence but not survival outcome of multifocal upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy. Sci Rep, 2021. 11: 19059.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34561545/

198.Marchioni, M., et al. Impact of diagnostic ureteroscopy on intravesical recurrence in patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2017. 120: 313.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28621055/

199.Guo, R.Q., et al. Impact of ureteroscopy before radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinomas on oncological outcomes: a meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 184.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29032580/

200.Seisen, T., et al. Oncologic Outcomes of Kidney-sparing Surgery Versus Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review by the EAU Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 1052.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27477528/

201.Cutress, M.L., et al. Long-term endoscopic management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: 20-year single-centre experience. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 1608.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22564677/

202.Cutress, M.L., et al. Ureteroscopic and percutaneous management of upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC): systematic review. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 614.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22471401/

203.Cornu, J.N., et al. Oncologic control obtained after exclusive flexible ureteroscopic management of upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma. World J Urol, 2010. 28: 151.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20044752/

204.Villa, L., et al. Early repeated ureteroscopy within 6-8 weeks after a primary endoscopic treatment in patients with upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma: preliminary findings. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 1201.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26699629/

205.Vemana, G., et al. Survival Comparison Between Endoscopic and Surgical Management for Patients With Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer: A Matched Propensity Score Analysis Using Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-Medicare Data. Urology, 2016. 95: 115.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27233931/

206.Roupret, M., et al. Upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma: recurrence rate after percutaneous endoscopic resection. Eur Urol, 2007. 51: 709.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16911852/

207.Jeldres, C., et al. Segmental ureterectomy can safely be performed in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter. J Urol, 2010. 183: 1324.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20171666/

208.Colin, P., et al. Comparison of oncological outcomes after segmental ureterectomy or radical nephroureterectomy in urothelial carcinomas of the upper urinary tract: results from a large French multicentre study. BJU Int, 2012. 110: 1134.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22394612/

209.Lughezzani, G., et al. Nephroureterectomy and segmental ureterectomy in the treatment of invasive upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A population-based study of 2299 patients. Eur J Cancer, 2009. 45: 3291.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19615885/

210.Steffens, J., et al. Partial nephrectomy and autotransplantation with pyelovesicostomy for renal urothelial carcinoma in solitary kidneys: a clinical update. BJU Int, 2007. 99: 1020.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17309555/

211.Ou, Y.C., et al. Long-term outcomes of total ureterectomy with ileal-ureteral substitution treatment for ureteral cancer: a single-center experience. BMC Urol, 2018. 18: 73.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30170590/

212.Matin, S.F., et al. Durability of Response to Primary Chemoablation of Low-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Using UGN-101, a Mitomycin-Containing Reverse Thermal Gel: OLYMPUS Trial Final Report. J Urol, 2022. 207: 779.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34915741/

213.Kleinmann, N., et al. Primary chemoablation of low-grade upper tract urothelial carcinoma using UGN-101, a mitomycin-containing reverse thermal gel (OLYMPUS): an open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 776.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32631491/

214.Giannarini, G., et al. Antegrade perfusion with bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: who may benefit? Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 955.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21807456/

215.Irie, A., et al. Intravesical instillation of bacille Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ of the urothelium involving the upper urinary tract using vesicoureteral reflux created by a double-pigtail catheter. Urology, 2002. 59: 53.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11796281/

216.Horiguchi, H., et al. Impact of bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy of upper urinary tract carcinoma in situ: comparison of oncological outcomes with radical nephroureterectomy. Med Oncol, 2018. 35: 41.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29480348/

217.Tomisaki, I., et al. Efficacy and Tolerability of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy as the First-Line Therapy for Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma In Situ. Cancer Invest, 2018. 36: 152.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29393701/

218.Yossepowitch, O., et al. Assessment of vesicoureteral reflux in patients with self-retaining ureteral stents: implications for upper urinary tract instillation. J Urol, 2005. 173: 890.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15711312/

219.Foerster, B., et al. Endocavitary treatment for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A meta-analysis of the current literature. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 430.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30846387/

220.Gallioli, A., et al. Adjuvant Single-Dose Upper Urinary Tract Instillation of Mitomycin C After Therapeutic Ureteroscopy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Single-Centre Prospective Non-Randomized Trial. J Endourol, 2020. 34: 573.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32164441/

221.Roupret, M., et al. Oncological risk of laparoscopic surgery in urothelial carcinomas. World J Urol, 2009. 27: 81.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19020880/

222.Ong, A.M., et al. Trocar site recurrence after laparoscopic nephroureterectomy. J Urol, 2003. 170: 1301.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14501747/

223.Peyronnet, B., et al. Oncological Outcomes of Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy Versus Open Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: An European Association of Urology Guidelines Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 205.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29154042/

224.Simone, G., et al. Laparoscopic versus open nephroureterectomy: perioperative and oncologic outcomes from a randomised prospective study. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 520.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19560259/

225.Favaretto, R.L., et al. Comparison between laparoscopic and open radical nephroureterectomy in a contemporary group of patients: are recurrence and disease-specific survival associated with surgical technique? Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 645.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20724065/

226.Walton, T.J., et al. Oncological outcomes after laparoscopic and open radical nephroureterectomy: results from an international cohort. BJU Int, 2011. 108: 406.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21078048/

227.Ni, S., et al. Laparoscopic versus open nephroureterectomy for the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of comparative studies. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 1142.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22349569/

228.Ariane, M.M., et al. Assessment of oncologic control obtained after open versus laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas (UUT-UCs): results from a large French multicenter collaborative study. Ann Surg Oncol, 2012. 19: 301.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21691878/

229.Adibi, M., et al. Oncological outcomes after radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma: comparison over the three decades. Int J Urol, 2012. 19: 1060.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22882743/

230.Sui, W., et al. The Impact of Hospital Volume on Short-term and Long-term Outcomes for Patients Undergoing Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Urology, 2021.
147: 135.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32891638/

231.Clements, M.B., et al. Robotic-Assisted Surgery for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Comparative Survival Analysis. Ann Surg Oncol, 2018. 25: 2550.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29948423/

232.Rodriguez, J.F., et al. Utilization and Outcomes of Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma by Surgical Approach. J Endourol, 2017. 31: 661.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28537436/

233.Aboumohamed, A.A., et al. Oncologic Outcomes Following Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy with Bladder Cuff Excision for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. J Urol, 2015. 194: 1561.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26192256/

234.Veccia, A., et al. Robotic vs Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Multicenter Propensity-Score Matched Pair “tetrafecta” Analysis (ROBUUST Collaborative Group). J Endourol, 2022. 36: 752.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35019760/

235.Xylinas, E., et al. Impact of Distal Ureter Management on Oncologic Outcomes Following Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 210.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22579047/

236.Xylinas, E., et al. Prediction of Intravesical Recurrence After Radical Nephroureterectomy: Development of a Clinical Decision-making Tool. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 650.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24070577/

237.Phe, V., et al. Does the surgical technique for management of the distal ureter influence the outcome after nephroureterectomy? BJU Int, 2011. 108: 130.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21070580/

238.Kondo, T., et al. Template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract: impact on patient survival. Int J Urol, 2010. 17: 848.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20812922/

239.Dominguez-Escrig, J.L., et al. Potential Benefit of Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Systematic Review by the European Association of Urology Guidelines Panel on Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 224.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29158169/

240.Dong, F., et al. Lymph node dissection could bring survival benefits to patients diagnosed with clinically node-negative upper urinary tract urothelial cancer: a population-based, propensity score-matched study. Int J Clin Oncol, 2019. 24: 296.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30334174/

241.Lenis, A.T., et al. Role of surgical approach on lymph node dissection yield and survival in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 9 e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29066013/

242.Moschini, M., et al. Trends of lymphadenectomy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) patients treated with radical nephroureterectomy. World J Urol, 2017. 35: 1541.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28247066/

243.Zareba, P., et al. Association between lymph node yield and survival among patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the upper tract. Cancer, 2017. 123: 1741.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28152158/

244.Xylinas, E., et al. External validation of the pathological nodal staging score in upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A population-based study. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 33 e21.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27816402/

245.Xylinas, E., et al. Prediction of true nodal status in patients with pathological lymph node negative upper tract urothelial carcinoma at radical nephroureterectomy. J Urol, 2013. 189: 468.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23253960/

246.Matin, S.F., et al. Patterns of Lymphatic Metastases in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma and Proposed Dissection Templates. J Urol, 2015. 194: 1567.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26094807/

247.Kondo, T., et al. Template-based lymphadenectomy in urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis: a prospective study. Int J Urol, 2014. 21: 453.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24754341/

248.Matin, S.F., et al. Incidence of downstaging and complete remission after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk upper tract transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer, 2010. 116: 3127.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20564621/

249.Liao, R.S., et al. Comparison of Pathological Stage in Patients Treated with and without Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for High Risk Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. J Urol, 2018. 200: 68.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29307680/

250.Meng, X., et al. High Response Rates to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in High-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Urology, 2019. 129: 146.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30930207/

251.Almassi, N., et al. Impact of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy on Pathologic Response in Patients With Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Undergoing Extirpative Surgery. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2018.
16: e1237.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30217764/

252.Kubota, Y., et al. Oncological outcomes of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multicenter study. Oncotarget, 2017. 8: 101500.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29254181/

253.Hosogoe, S., et al. Platinum-based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Improves Oncological Outcomes in Patients with Locally Advanced Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 946.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28753881/

254.Porten, S., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves survival of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer, 2014. 120: 1794.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24633966/

255.Margulis, V., et al. Phase II Trial of Neoadjuvant Systemic Chemotherapy Followed by Extirpative Surgery in Patients with High Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. J Urol, 2020. 203: 690.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31702432/

256.Leow, J.J., et al. Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A 2020 Systematic Review and Meta-analysis, and Future Perspectives on Systemic Therapy. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 635.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32798146/

257.Necchi, A., et al. A feasibility study of preoperative pembrolizumab before radical nephroureterectomy in patients with high-risk, upper tract urothelial carcinoma: PURE-02. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 10.e1.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34147313/

258.O’Brien, T., et al. Prevention of bladder tumours after nephroureterectomy for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: a prospective, multicentre, randomised clinical trial of a single postoperative intravesical dose of mitomycin C (the ODMIT-C Trial). Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 703.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21684068/

259.Ito, A., et al. Prospective randomized phase II trial of a single early intravesical instillation of pirarubicin (THP) in the prevention of bladder recurrence after nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: the THP Monotherapy Study Group Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2013. 31: 1422.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23460707/

260.Hwang, E.C., et al. Single-dose intravesical chemotherapy after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2019. 5: Cd013160.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31102534/

261.Fang, D., et al. Prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy to prevent bladder tumors after nephroureterectomy for primary upper urinary tract urothelial carcinomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Int, 2013. 91: 291.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23948770/

262.Freifeld, Y., et al. Intraoperative prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy to reduce bladder recurrence following radical nephroureterectomy. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 737.e11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32641241/

263.Harraz, A.M., et al. Single Versus Maintenance Intravesical Chemotherapy for the Prevention of Bladder Recurrence after Radical Nephroureterectomy for Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e1108.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31594736/

264.Yamamoto, S., et al. Intravesical irrigation might prevent bladder recurrence in patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Int J Urol, 2019. 26: 791.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31081198/

265.Birtle, A., et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (the POUT trial): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2020. 395: 1268.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32145825/

266.Kaag, M.G., et al. Changes in renal function following nephroureterectomy may affect the use of perioperative chemotherapy. Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 581.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20619530/

267.Lane, B.R., et al. Chronic kidney disease after nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma and implications for the administration of perioperative chemotherapy. Cancer, 2010. 116: 2967.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20564402/

268.Tully, K.H., et al. Differences in survival and impact of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with variant histology of tumors of the renal pelvis. World J Urol, 2020. 38: 2227.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31748954/

269.Bajorin, D.F., et al. Adjuvant Nivolumab versus Placebo in Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma.
N Engl J Med, 2021. 384: 2102.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34077643/

270.E.M.A. Approval for Opdivo (nivolumab) as Adjuvant Treatment for Patients with Radically Resected, High-Risk Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma with Tumor Cell PD-L1 Expression >1%. 2022. Access date January 2023.

https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/opdivo

271.Laukhtina, E., et al. Chemotherapy is superior to checkpoint inhibitors after radical surgery for urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of oncologic and toxicity outcomes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 2022. 169: 103570.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34902554/

272.Hahn, A.W., et al. Effect of Adjuvant Radiotherapy on Survival in Patients with Locoregional Urothelial Malignancies of the Upper Urinary Tract. Anticancer Res, 2016. 36: 4051.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27466512/

273.Huang, Y.C., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for locally advanced upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Sci Rep, 2016. 6: 38175.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27910890/

274.Czito, B., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy with and without concurrent chemotherapy for locally advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the renal pelvis and ureter. J Urol, 2004. 172: 1271.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15371822/

275.Iwata, T., et al. The role of adjuvant radiotherapy after surgery for upper and lower urinary tract urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 659.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31255542/

276.Powles, T., et al. Avelumab Maintenance Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 2020. 383: 1218.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32945632/

277.Piontkowski, A.J., et al. Benefit of lymph node dissection in cN+ patients in the treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: Analysis of NCDB registry. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 409.e9.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35623996/

278.Shigeta, K., et al. Does neoadjuvant chemotherapy have therapeutic benefit for node-positive upper tract urothelial carcinoma? Results of a multi-center cohort study. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 105.e19.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34454822/

279.Moschini, M., et al. Impact of Primary Tumor Location on Survival from the European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Advanced Urothelial Cancer Studies. J Urol, 2018.
199: 1149.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29158104/

280.Gust, K.M., et al. Update on systemic treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a narrative review of the literature. Transl Androl Urol, 2021. 10: 4051.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34804847/

281.Powles, T., et al. Pembrolizumab alone or combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy as first-line therapy for advanced urothelial carcinoma (KEYNOTE-361): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 931.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051178/

282.Galsky, M.D., et al. Atezolizumab with or without chemotherapy in metastatic urothelial cancer (IMvigor130): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2020. 395: 1547.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32416780/

283.Powles, T., et al. Durvalumab alone and durvalumab plus tremelimumab versus chemotherapy in previously untreated patients with unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (DANUBE): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2020. 21: 1574.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32971005/

284.De Santis, M., et al. Randomized phase II/III trial assessing gemcitabine/carboplatin and methotrexate/carboplatin/vinblastine in patients with advanced urothelial cancer who are unfit for cisplatin-based chemotherapy: EORTC study 30986. J Clin Oncol, 2012. 30: 191.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22162575/

285.Richters, A., et al. Evidence or Prejudice? Critical Re-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Comparing Overall Survival After Cisplatin Versus Carboplatin-Based Regimens in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2022. 20: e346.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35039230/

286.Powles, T., et al. Maintenance avelumab + best supportive care (BSC) versus BSC alone after platinum-based first-line (1L) chemotherapy in advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC): JAVELIN Bladder 100 phase III interim analysis. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: LBA1.

https://ascopubs.org/doi/abs/10.1200/JCO.2020.38.18_suppl.LBA1

287.Galsky, M.D., et al. Randomized Double-Blind Phase II Study of Maintenance Pembrolizumab Versus Placebo After First-Line Chemotherapy in Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: 1797.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32271672/

288.Vuky, J., et al. Long-Term Outcomes in KEYNOTE-052: Phase II Study Investigating First-Line Pembrolizumab in Cisplatin-Ineligible Patients With Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer. J Clin Oncol, 2020. 38: 2658.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32552471/

289.Balar, A.V., et al. Atezolizumab as first-line treatment in cisplatin-ineligible patients with locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma: a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet, 2017. 389: 67.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27939400/

290.Bellmunt, J., et al. Pembrolizumab as Second-Line Therapy for Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma.
N Engl J Med, 2017. 376: 1015.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28212060/

291.Powles, T., et al. Atezolizumab versus chemotherapy in patients with platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (IMvigor211): a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 2018. 391: 748.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29268948/

292.Sharma, P., et al. Nivolumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum therapy (CheckMate 275): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2017. 18: 312.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28131785/

293.Patel, M.R., et al. Avelumab in metastatic urothelial carcinoma after platinum failure (JAVELIN Solid Tumor): pooled results from two expansion cohorts of an open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2018. 19: 51.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29217288/

294.Apolo, A.B., et al. Avelumab, an Anti-Programmed Death-Ligand 1 Antibody, In Patients With Refractory Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Results From a Multicenter, Phase Ib Study. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 2117.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28375787/

295.Powles, T., et al. Efficacy and Safety of Durvalumab in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: Updated Results From a Phase 1/2 Open-label Study. JAMA Oncol, 2017. 3: e172411.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28817753/

296.Sharma, P., et al. Nivolumab Alone and With Ipilimumab in Previously Treated Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: CheckMate 032 Nivolumab 1 mg/kg Plus Ipilimumab 3 mg/kg Expansion Cohort Results. J Clin Oncol, 2019. 37: 1608.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31100038/

297.Siefker-Radtke, A., et al. Immunotherapy in metastatic urothelial carcinoma: focus on immune checkpoint inhibition. Nat Rev Urol, 2018. 15: 112.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29205200/

298.Loriot, Y., et al. Erdafitinib in Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma. New Engl J Med, 2019. 381: 338.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31340094/

299.Yu, E.Y., et al. Enfortumab vedotin after PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitors in cisplatin-ineligible patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (EV-201): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 872.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33991512/

300.Powles, T., et al. Enfortumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma. N Engl
J Med, 2021. 384: 1125.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33577729/

301.Tagawa, S.T., et al. TROPHY-U-01: A Phase II Open-Label Study of Sacituzumab Govitecan in Patients With Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma Progressing After Platinum-Based Chemotherapy and Checkpoint Inhibitors. J Clin Oncol, 2021. 39: 2474.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33929895/

302.Drakaki, A., et al. Docetaxel with or without Ramucirumab after Platinum-Based Chemotherapy and Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma: A Pre-Specified Subgroup Analysis from the Phase 3 RANGE Trial. Bladder Cancer, 2020. 6: 43.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338086236

303.Seisen, T., et al. Efficacy of Systemic Chemotherapy Plus Radical Nephroureterectomy for Metastatic Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2017. 71: 714.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27912971/

304.Moschini, M., et al. Efficacy of Surgery in the Primary Tumor Site for Metastatic Urothelial Cancer: Analysis of an International, Multicenter, Multidisciplinary Database. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 94.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31307962/

305.Zhang, X., et al. The role of surgery on primary site in metastatic upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma and a nomogram for predicting the survival of patients with metastatic upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Med, 2021. 10: 8079.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34647688/

306.Dong, F., et al. How do organ-specific metastases affect prognosis and surgical treatment for patients with metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma: first evidence from population based data. Clin Exp Metastasis, 2017. 34: 467.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29500709/

307.Nazzani, S., et al. Survival Effect of Nephroureterectomy in Metastatic Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e602.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31005472/

308.Siefker-Radtke, A.O., et al. Is there a role for surgery in the management of metastatic urothelial cancer? The M. D. Anderson experience. J Urol, 2004. 171: 145.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14665863/

309.Abe, T., et al. Impact of multimodal treatment on survival in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. Eur Urol, 2007. 52: 1106.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17367917/

310.Lehmann, J., et al. Surgery for metastatic urothelial carcinoma with curative intent: the German experience (AUO AB 30/05). Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 1293.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19058907/

311.Faltas, B.M., et al. Metastasectomy in older adults with urothelial carcinoma: Population-based analysis of use and outcomes. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 9 e11.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28988653/

312.Lemke, E., et al. The Role of Metastasectomy in Urothelial Carcinoma: Where Are We in 2020? Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2020. 18: e478.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32085986/

313.Oge, O., et al. Proposal for changes in cystoscopic follow-up of patients with low-grade pTa bladder tumor. Eur Urol, 2000. 37: 271.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10720851/

314.Holmäng, S., et al. Bilateral metachronous ureteral and renal pelvic carcinomas: incidence, clinical presentation, histopathology, treatment and outcome. J Urol, 2006. 175: 69.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16406872/

315.Shigeta, K., et al. The Conditional Survival with Time of Intravesical Recurrence of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. J Urol, 2017. 198: 1278.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28634017/

316.Martini, A., et al. Oncologic Surveillance After Radical Nephroureterectomy for High-risk Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 451.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35504834/

317.Holmäng, S., et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with tumours of the renal pelvis and ureter: how often is a bladder tumour diagnosed after five tumour-free years? Scand J Urol, 2014. 48: 65.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23883372/

318.Mandalapu, R.S., et al. Update of the ICUD-SIU consultation on upper tract urothelial carcinoma 2016: treatment of low-risk upper tract urothelial carcinoma. World J Urol, 2017. 35: 355.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27233780/

319.Bagley, D.H., et al. Ureteroscopic laser treatment of upper urinary tract neoplasms. World J Urol, 2010. 28: 143.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20229233/

320.Mohapatra, A., et al. Importance of long-term follow-up after endoscopic management for upper tract urothelial carcinoma and factors leading to surgical management. Int Urol Nephrol, 2020.
52: 1465.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32157621/

321.Territo, A., et al. DNA Methylation Urine Biomarkers Test in the Diagnosis of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Results from a Single-Center Prospective Clinical Trial. J Urol, 2022. 208: 570.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35549312/

322.Zhang, M.L., et al. A review of upper urinary tract cytology performance before and after the implementation of The Paris System. Cancer Cytopathol, 2021. 129: 264.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32897658/

323.Chouhan, H., et al. Evaluation of Urinalysis-Based Screening for Urothelial Carcinoma in Patients With Lynch Syndrome. Dis Colon Rectum, 2022. 65: 40.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34882627/

324.Myrhøj, T., et al. Screening for urinary tract cancer with urine cytology in Lynch syndrome and familial colorectal cancer. Fam Cancer, 2008. 7: 303.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18389386/